J/A+A/704/A36ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/704/A36CDSMurillo N.M.Fuchs C.M.Harsono D.Hsieh T.-H.Johnstone D.,Mignon-Risse R.Persson M.V.Sakai N.2026-03-02T06:25:50Z2025-11-28T10:08:33ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fryoung-stellar-objectsradio-sourcesspectroscopyProtostellar multiplicity is a common outcome of the star formation process. To fully understand the formation and evolution of these systems, the physical parameters of the molecular gas together with the dust must be systematically characterized. Using observations of molecular gas tracers, we characterize the physical properties of cloud cores in the Perseus molecular cloud (average distance of 295pc) at envelope scales (5000-8000AU). We used Atacama Pathfinder EXperiment (APEX) and Nobeyama 45m Radio Observatory (NRO) observations of DCO+, H_2_CO, and c-C_3_H_2_ in several transitions to derive the physical parameters of the gas toward 31 protostellar systems in Perseus. The angular resolutions ranged from 18" to 28.7", equivalent to 5000-8000AU scales at the distance of each subregion in Perseus. The gas kinetic temperature was obtained from DCO+, H_2_CO, and c-C_3_H_2_ line ratios. Column densities and gas masses were then calculated for each species and transition. Gas kinetic temperature and gas masses were compared with bolometric luminosity, envelope dust mass, and multiplicity to search for statistically significant correlations. Gas kinetic temperature was obtained from DCO+, H_2_CO and c-C_3_H_2_ line ratios. Column densities and gas masses were then calculated for each species and transition. Gas kinetic temperature and gas masses were compared with bolometric luminosity, envelope dust mass, and multiplicity to search for statistically significant correlations. Gas kinetic temperature derived from DCO+, H_2_CO and c-C_3_H_2_ line ratios have average values of 14K, 26 and 16K, respectively, with a range of 10-26K for DCO+ and c-C_3_H_2_. The gas kinetic temperature obtained from H_2_CO line ratios have a range of 13-82 K. Column densities of all three molecular species are on the order of 10^11^ to 10^14^cm^-2^, resulting in gas masses of 10^-11^ to 10^-9^M_{sun}_. Statistical analysis of the physical parameters finds: i) similar envelope gas and dust masses for single and binary protostellar systems; ii) multiple (>2 components) protostellar systems tend to have slightly higher gas and dust masses than binaries and single protostars; iii) a continuous distribution of gas and dust masses is observed regardless of separation between components in protostellar systems.2025A&A...704A..36Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/704/A36CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/692/973 : Protostars in Perseus, Serpens and Ophiuchus (Enoch+, 2009)J/ApJ/774/22 : CO observations of YSOs in NGC 1333 (Plunkett+, 2013)J/A+A/620/A30 : 12 embedded protostellar systems APEX spectra (Murillo+, 2018)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/704/A36https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/704/A36http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/704/A36https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/704/A36https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/704/A36http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/704/A36GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/704/A36/catalog (Source and derived parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A36/catalog?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A36/catalog?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A36/catalog?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true51.402208330.75593060.0055555555555555566/858-860 862 881 1539https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/704/A36?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/A+A/704/A36/catalogSource and derived parametersClassEvolutionary Class (Class) (3)src.classintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000) (R.A.)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000) (Dec.)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSepSeparation between components (Separation)arcsecpos.angDistance;src.orbitalfloatNSourcesNumber of sources in pointing (NumberofSources)meta.numberintDistDistance subregion (Distance) (4)pcpos.distanceintLbolBolometric luminosity (L_bol)solLumphys.luminositydoubleMenvSCUBAEnvelope dust mass, SCUBA flux (Menv_SCUBA)solMassphys.massfloatMenvSCUBA2Envelope dust mass, SCUBA-2 flux (Menv_SCUBA2)solMassphys.massfloatFnuN2H-10N2H+ J=1-0 peak brightness temperature (Fnu_N2H10)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuN2H-10N2H+ J=1-0 noise (eFnu_N2H10)Kstat.errorfloatdVN2H-10N2H+ J=1-0 line width (dV_N2H10)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnuHCO-10HCO+ J=1-0 peak brightness temperature (Fnu_HCO10)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuHCO-10HCO+ J=1-0 noise (eFnu_HCO10)Kstat.errordoubledVHCO-10HCO+ J=1-0 line width (dV_HCO10)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnuDCO-10DCO+ J=1-0 peak brightness temperature (Fnu_DCO10)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuDCO-10DCO+ J=1-0 noise (eFnu_DCO10)Kstat.errorfloatdVDCO-10DCO+ J=1-0 line width (dV_DCO10)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnuDCO-32DCO+ J=3-2 peak brightness temperature (Fnu_DCO32)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuDCO-32DCO+ J=3-2 noise (eFnu_DCO32)Kstat.errorfloatdVDCO-32DCO+ J=3-2 line width (dV_DCO32)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnuDCO-54DCO+ J=5-4 peak brightness temperature (Fnu_DCO54)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuDCO-54DCO+ J=5-4 noise (eFnu_DCO54)Kstat.errorfloatdVDCO-54DCO+ J=5-4 line width (dV_DCO54)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnu_H2CO-32lowH2CO 218.22GHz peak brightness temperature (Fnu_H2CO32low)Kphys.temperaturefloate_Fnu_H2CO-32lowH2CO 218.22GHz noise (eFnu_H2CO32low)Kstat.errorfloatdVH2CO-32lowH2CO 218.22GHz line width (dV_H2CO32low)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnuH2CO-32midH2CO 218.47GHz peak brightness temperature (Fnu_H2CO32mid)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuH2CO-32midH2CO 218.47GHz noise (eFnu_H2CO32mid)Kstat.errorfloatdVH2CO-32midH2CO 218.47GHz line width (dV_H2CO32mid)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnuH2CO-32hiH2CO 218.76GHz peak brightness temperature (Fnu_H2CO32hi)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuH2CO-32hiH2CO 218.76GHz noise (eFnu_H2CO32hi)Kstat.errorfloatdVH2CO-32hiH2CO 218.76GHz line width (dV_H2CO32hi)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnuH2CO-54H2CO J=5-4 peak brightness temperature (Fnu_H2CO54)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuH2CO-54H2CO J=5-4 noise (eFnu_H2CO54)Kstat.errorfloatdVH2CO-54H2CO J=5-4 line width (dV_H2CO54)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnuC3H2-32cC3H2 J=3-2 peak brightness temperature (Fnu_C3H2_32)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuC3H2-32cC3H2 J=3-2 noise (eFnu_C3H2_32)Kstat.errorfloatdVC3H2-32cC3H2 J=3-2 line width (dV_C3H2_32)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnuC3H2-65cC3H2 J=6-5 peak brightness temperature (Fnu_C3H2_65)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuC3H2-65cC3H2 J=6-5 noise (eFnu_C3H2_65)Kstat.errorfloatdVC3H2-65cC3H2 J=6-5 line width (dV_C3H2_65)km/sspect.line.widthfloatFnuC3H2-54cC3H2 J=5-4 peak brightness temperature (Fnu_C3H2_54)Kphys.temperaturefloate_FnuC3H2-54cC3H2 J=5-4 noise (eFnu_C3H2_54)Kstat.errorfloatdVC3H2-54cC3H2 J=5-4 line width (dV_C3H2_54)km/sspect.line.widthfloatTkinHCN/HNCGas Tkin from I(HCN)/I(HNC) (Tkin_HCN_HNC) (5)Kphys.temperaturefloate_TkinHCN/HNCError Gas Tkin (eTkin_HCN_HNC) (5)Kstat.errorfloatTkinDCO? Kinematic temperature from DCO+ J=5-4/J=3-2, upper limit if f_TkinDCO=-99 (Tkin_DCO)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullablee_TkinDCO? Error Tkin from DCO+ (eTkin_DCO)Kstat.errorfloatnullablef_TkinDCOFlag Tkin from DCO+ (fTkin_DCO) (6)meta.codeintTkinH2COKinematic temperature H2CO line peak ratio (Tkin_H2CO)Kphys.temperaturefloate_TkinH2COError Tkin H2CO (eTkin_H2CO)Kstat.errorfloatf_TkinH2COFlag Tkin H2CO (6) (fTkin_H2CO) (6)meta.codeintTkinC3H2? Kinematic temperature c-C3H2 line peak ratio (Tkin_C3H2)Kphys.temperaturefloatnullablee_TkinC3H2? Error Tkin c-C3H2 (eTkin_C3H2)Kstat.errorfloatnullablef_TkinC3H2Flag Tkin c-C3H2 (fTkin_C3H2)meta.codeintlognH2H2 volume density, log10 (log10_nH2)log(cm**-3)phys.columnDensitydoublee_lognH2[] Error H2 volume density, log10 (log10_enH2)log(cm**-3)stat.errordoublelognN2H-10log10 N2H+ (J=1-0)) volume density (log10_N_N2H10)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoubleloge_nN2H-10Error log(n(N2H+ J=1-0)) (log10_eN_N2H10)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublelogMN2H-10log10 N2H+ (J=1-0) mass (log10_M_sun_N2H10)log(solMass)phys.massdoubleloge_MN2H-10Error log(M(N2H+ J=1-0)) (log10_eM_sun_N2H10)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublef_N2H-10[0] Flag N2H+ J=1-0 (fN2H10) (6)meta.codeintlognHCO-10log10 HCO+ (J=1-0) volume density (log10_N_HCO10)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoubleloge_nHCO-10Error log(n(HCO+ J=1-0)) (log10_eN_HCO10)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublelogMHCO-10log10 HCO+ (J=1-0) mass (log10_M_sun_HCO10)log(solMass)phys.massdoubleloge_MHCO-10Error log(M(HCO+ J=1-0)) (log10_eM_sun_HCO10)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublef_HCO-10[0] Flag HCO+ J=1-0 (fHCO10) (6)meta.codeintlognDCO-10log10 DCO+ (J=1-0) volume density (log10_N_DCO10)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoubleloge_nDCO-10Error log(n(DCO+ J=1-0)) (log10_eN_DCO10)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublelogMDCO-10log10 DCO+ (J=1-0) mass (log10_M_sun_DCO10)log(solMass)phys.massdoubleloge_MDCO-10Error log(M(DCO+ J=1-0)) (log10_eM_sun_DCO10)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublef_DCO-10[-1/0] Flag DCO+ J=1-0 (fDCO10) (6)meta.codeintlognDCO-32log10 DCO+ (J=3-2) volume density (log10_N_DCO32)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoubleloge_nDCO-32Error log(n(DCO+ J=3-2)) (log10_eN_DCO32)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublelogMDCO32log10 DCO+ (J=3-2) mass (log10_M_sun_DCO32)log(solMass)phys.massdoubleloge_MDCO-32Error log(M(DCO+ J=3-2)) (log10_eM_sun_DCO32)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublef_DCO-32[-1/0] Flag DCO+ J=3-2 (fDCO32) (6)meta.codeintlognDCO-54? log10 DCO+ (J=5-4)) volume density (log10_N_DCO54)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoublenullableloge_nDCO-54? Error log(n(DCO+ J=5-4)) (log10_eN_DCO54)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablelogMDCO-54? log10 DCO+ (J=5-4) mass (log10_M_sun_DCO54)log(solMass)phys.massdoublenullableloge_MDCO-54? Error log(M(DCO+ J=5-4)) (log10_eM_sun_DCO54)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablef_DCO-54[-1/0] Flag DCO+ J=5-4 (fDCO54) (6)meta.codeintlognH2CO-32llog10 H2CO 218.22GHz volume density (log10_N_H2CO32l)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoubleloge_nH2CO-32lError log(n(H2CO 218.22GHz)) (log10_eN_H2CO32l)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublelogMH2CO-32l? log10 H2CO 218.22GHzmass, upper limit if f_H2CO-32l=-99 (log10_M_sun_H2CO32l)log(solMass)phys.massdoublenullableloge_MH2CO-32l? Error log(M(H2CO 218.22GHz)) (log10_eM_sun_H2CO32l)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablef_H2CO-32l[-99/0] Flag H2CO 218.22GHz (fH2CO32l) (6)meta.codeintlognH2CO-32m? log10 H2CO 218.47GHz volume density (log10_N_H2CO32m)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoublenullableloge_nH2CO-32m? Error log(n(H2CO 218.47GHz)) (log10_eN_H2CO32m)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablelogMH2CO-32m? log10 H2CO 218.47GHz mass (log10_M_sun_H2CO32m)log(solMass)phys.massdoublenullableloge_MH2CO-32m? Error log(M(H2CO 218.47GHz)) (log10_eM_sun_H2CO32m)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablef_H2CO-32m[-1/0] Flag H2CO 218.47GHz (fH2CO32m) (6)meta.codeintlognH2CO-32h? log10 H2CO 218.76GHz volume density (log10_N_H2CO32h)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoublenullableloge_nH2CO-32h? Error log(n(H2CO 218.76GHz)) (log10_eN_H2CO32h)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablelogMH2CO-32h? log10 H2CO 218.76GHz mass (log10_M_sun_H2CO32h)log(solMass)phys.massdoublenullableloge_MH2CO-32h? Error log(M(H2CO 218.76GHz)) (log10_eM_sun_H2CO32h)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablef_H2CO-32h[-1/0] Flag H2CO 218.76GHz (fH2CO32h) (6)meta.codeintlognH2CO-54? log10 H2CO (J=5-4) volume density (log10_N_H2CO54)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoublenullableloge_nH2CO-54? Error log(n(H2CO J=5-4)) (log10_eN_H2CO54)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablelogMH2CO-54? log10 H2CO (J=5-4) mass, upper limit if f_H2CO-54=-99 (log10_M_sun_H2CO54)log(solMass)phys.massdoublenullableloge_MH2CO-54? Error log(M(H2CO J=5-4)) (log10_eM_sun_H2CO54)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablef_H2CO-54[-99/0] Flag H2CO J=5-4 (fH2CO54) (6)meta.codeintlognC3H2-32? log10 cC3H2 (J=3-2) volume density (log10_N_C3H232)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoublenullableloge_nC3H2-32? Error log(n(cC3H2)) (log10_eN_C3H232)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablelogMC3H2-32? log10 cC3H2 (J=3-2) mass (log10_M_sun_C3H232)log(solMass)phys.massdoublenullableloge_MC3H2-32? Error log(M(cC3H2 J=3-2)) (log10_eM_sun_C3H232)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablef_C3H2-32[-1/0] Flag cC3H2 J=3-2 (fC3H2_32) (6)meta.codeintlognC3H2-65? log10(n(cC3H2 J=6-5)) (log10_N_C3H265)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoublenullableloge_nC3H2-65? Error log(n(cC3H2)) (log10_eN_C3H265)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablelogMC3H2-65? log10 cC3H2 (J=6-5) mass (log10_M_sun_C3H265)log(solMass)phys.massdoublenullableloge_MC3H2-65? Error log(M(cC3H2 J=6-5)) (log10_eM_sun_C3H265)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablef_C3H2-65[-1/0] Flag cC3H2 J=6-5 (fC3H2_65) (6)meta.codeintlognC3H2-54? log10 cC3H2 (J=5-4) volume density (log10_N_C3H254)log(cm**-2)phys.columnDensitydoublenullableloge_nC3H2-54? Error log(n(cC3H2 J=5-4)) (log10_eN_C3H254)log(cm**-2)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablelogMC3H2-54? log10 cC3H2 J=5-4) mass (log10_M_sun_C3H254)log(solMass)phys.massdoublenullableloge_MC3H2-54? Error log(M(cC3H2 J=5-4)) (log10_eM_sun_C3H254)log(solMass)stat.error;arith.zpdoublenullablef_C3H2-54[-1/0] Flag cC3H2 J=5-4 (fC3H2_54) (6)meta.codeintRegionSubregion in Perseus (Region)meta.notecharCoreCore name or system name (Core) (1)meta.id.part;meta.maincharSourceComponent in the system (Source)meta.id.part;meta.maincharANameMatching Per-emb designation (AlternateName) (1)meta.idcharClustering[Y/N] Located in Clustering? Y/N (Clustering) (2)meta.codechar