J/A+A/704/A220ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/704/A220CDSBijavara Seshashayana S.Joensson H.D'Orazi V.Bragaglia A.Jian M.,Andreuzzi G.Dal Ponte M.2026-06-26T15:21:03Z2025-12-18T13:18:01ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxyopen-star-clustersgiant-starschemical-abundancesinfrared-astronomyspectroscopyOpen clusters have been extensively used as tracers of Galactic chemical evolution, as their constituent stars possess shared characteristics, including age, Galactocentric radius, metallicity, and chemical composition. By examining the trends of elemental abundances with metallicity, age, and Galactocentric radius, valuable insights can be gained into the distribution and nucleosynthetic origins of chemical elements across the Galactic disk. The infrared domain in particular facilitates the observation of some elemental abundances that can be challenging or impossible to discern in the optical; for example, K and F. The objective of this study is to derive the stellar parameters and elemental abundances of up to 23 elements in 114 stars spanning 41 open clusters using high-resolution infrared spectroscopy. In addition, the present study aims to examine the chemical evolution of the Galactic disk. This is achieved by investigating radial abundance gradients, variations in abundance between clusters, and the dependence of chemical abundances on the cluster age. Abundances for up to 23 elements, C, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Ce, Nd, and Yb, were derived and compared with available literature values where possible. Non-local thermodynamic equilibrium analysis was utilized for the elements C, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, and Cu. For each element, Galactic trends were examined by analyzing both [X/Fe] and [X/H] as functions of [Fe/H], stellar age, and Galactocentric radius. In particular, the radial abundance gradient of Ytterbium is presented for the first time, thereby extending the observational constraints on heavy neutron-capture elements. Radial abundance gradients for a wide range of elements in the Galactic disk are found, with [X/Fe] slopes ranging from -0.061 to +0.065dex/kpc. The observed gradients are consistent with an inside-out formation scenario for the Galactic disk, wherein chemical enrichment proceeds from the inner regions to the outer ones over time. The observed [X/Fe] trends across multiple nucleosynthetic groups, including alpha elements, odd-Z elements, iron-peak elements, and neutron-capture elements such as Y, Ce, Nd, and Yb, reflect the diverse production sites and timescales associated with each group. In particular, the positive [Zn/H] and [Zn/Fe] gradients suggest a distinctive nucleosynthetic origin for Zn, possibly linked to metallicity-dependent yields. The positive gradient in [Yb/Fe] (0.065+/-0.031dex/kpc) provides significant new constraints on neutron-capture enrichment processes and the chemical evolution of the Galactic disk.2025A&A...704A.220Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/704/A220CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/704/A220https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/704/A220http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/704/A220https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/704/A220https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/704/A220http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/704/A220GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/704/A220/table1 (Overview of observed clusters and stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A220/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A220/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A220/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true302.932926.5852740.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/704/A220/table5 (Per-cluster element completeness)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A220/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A220/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/704/A220/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true302.90526.53194440.0055555555555555566/1276 2311 2436 2517 2859 2862 3055 3262 3362 3601 3603-3604 3606 3680 3783 3795-3796 4298 4698 6149 12890-12891 12913 13048 13285-13286 13996 14033 14129 14175 14267 14573 14575 14752-14753 14755 15430 15520 15594-15595 15699 15709-15711 15759 21523 21526 21774-21775 22216 22239 23638 24329 29152 29154 30438-30439 30444-30445 31068 31070-31071 32046-32047 32198 406011.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/704/A220?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/704/A220/table1Overview of observed clusters and starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster namemeta.id.parentcharAgeCluster age (1)Gyrtime.agefloatRgcCluster Galactocentric distancekpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloatAvCluster visual extinctionmagphys.absorptionfloatStarIDInternal star identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharGaiaDR3Gaia DR3 source IDmeta.idRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainGmagGaia G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatJ/A+A/704/A220/table2Combined atomic and molecular line listrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSpeciesElement and ionisation stage (e.g., Fe I, CO)phys.atmol.element;phys.atmol.ionizationcharlambdaAir wavelength0.1nmem.wldoubleEPExcitation potentialeVphys.atmol.excitationfloatloggflog(gf) valuestat.value;arith.zpfloatRefReference for atomic/molecular data (1)meta.ref;pos.frameintJ/A+A/704/A220/table3Stellar parameters and CNO abundancesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster namemeta.id.parentcharStarIDInternal star identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_TeffUncertainty in effective temperatureKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloate_loggUncertainty in surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloat[Fe/H]Metallicity, [Fe/H]phys.abund.Zfloate_[Fe/H]Uncertainty in metallicity, [Fe/H]stat.error;phys.abund.FefloatvmicMicroturbulent velocitykm/sphys.velocfloate_vmicUncertainty in microturbulent velocitykm/sstat.errorfloatvmacMacroturbulent Velocitykm/sphys.velocfloate_vmacUncertainty in macroturbulent velocitykm/sstat.errorfloat[C/Fe]Abundance [C/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[C/Fe]1{sigma} uncertainty in abundance [C/Fe]stat.error;phys.abundfloat[N/Fe]Abundance [N/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[N/Fe]1{sigma} uncertainty in abundance [N/Fe]stat.error;phys.abundfloat[O/Fe]Abundance [O/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[O/Fe]1{sigma} uncertainty in abundance [O/Fe]stat.error;phys.abundfloatJ/A+A/704/A220/table4Comparison of parameters with literature valuesRefLiterature reference code, in refs.dat filemeta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster namemeta.id;meta.maincharNstars? Number of stars in commonmeta.numberintnullabledTeff? Effective temperature difference, this work - literatureKphys.temperature.effective;arith.difffloatnullablee_dTeff? Effective temperature difference error, this work - literatureKstat.errorintnullabledlogg? Surface gravity difference, this work - literaturelog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravity;arith.difffloatnullablee_dlogg? Surface gravity difference error, this work - literaturelog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullabled[Fe/H]? Metallicity, [Fe/H], difference, this work - literaturephys.abund.Z;arith.difffloatnullablee_d[Fe/H]? Metallicity, [Fe/H], difference error, this work - literaturestat.error;phys.abund.FefloatnullableJ/A+A/704/A220/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.notecharBibCodeBibCdoemeta.bib.bibcodecharAutAuhor's namemeta.id;meta.maincharComCommentsmeta.notecharJ/A+A/704/A220/table5Per-cluster element completenessrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableClusterCluster namemeta.id;meta.maincharNstarsNumber of stars analysed in this cluster (total 114)meta.numberintNCNumber of stars measured for NC element (total 114)meta.numberintNNumber of stars measured for N element (total 114)meta.numberintFNumber of stars measured for F element (total 2)meta.numberintMgNumber of stars measured for Mg element (total 114)meta.numberintSiNumber of stars measured for Si element (total 114)meta.numberintSNumber of stars measured for S element (total 114)meta.numberintCaNumber of stars measured for Ca element (total 112)meta.numberintNaNumber of stars measured for Na element (total 113)meta.numberintAlNumber of stars measured for Al element (total 114)meta.numberintKNumber of stars measured for K element (total 112)meta.numberintTiNumber of stars measured for Ti element (total 114)meta.numberintVNumber of stars measured for V element (total 110)meta.numberintCrNumber of stars measured for Cr element (total 114)meta.numberintMnNumber of stars measured for Mn element (total 114)meta.numberintCoNumber of stars measured for Co element (total 114)meta.numberintNiNumber of stars measured for Ni element (total 113)meta.numberintCuNumber of stars measured for Cu element (total 114)meta.numberintZnNumber of stars measured for Zn element (total 53)meta.numberintYNumber of stars measured for Y element (total 67)meta.numberintCeNumber of stars measured for Ce element (total 112)meta.numberintNdNumber of stars measured for Nd element (total 111)meta.numberintYbNumber of stars measured for Yb element (total 106)meta.numberint_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/704/A220/table6Per-star abundances [Mg/Fe]-[V/Fe][Si/Fe]Abundance ratio for Siphys.abund;arith.ratiofloate_[Si/Fe]Abundance ratio for Si error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster namemeta.id.parentcharStarIDInternal star identifiermeta.id;meta.mainchar[Mg/Fe]Abundance ratio for Mgphys.abund;arith.ratiofloate_[Mg/Fe]Abundance ratio for Mg error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[S/Fe]Abundance ratio for Sphys.abundfloate_[S/Fe]Abundance ratio for S error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Ca/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Caphys.abund;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_[Ca/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Ca error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[F/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Fphys.abundfloatnullablee_[F/Fe]? Abundance ratio for F error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Na/Fe]Abundance ratio for Naphys.abund;arith.ratiofloate_[Na/Fe]Abundance ratio for Na error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Al/Fe]Abundance ratio for Alphys.abundfloate_[Al/Fe]Abundance ratio for Al error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[K/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Kphys.abundfloatnullablee_[K/Fe]? Abundance ratio for K error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Ti/Fe]Abundance ratio for Tiphys.abund;arith.ratiofloate_[Ti/Fe]Abundance ratio for Ti error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[V/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Vphys.abundfloatnullablee_[V/Fe]? Abundance ratio for V error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullableJ/A+A/704/A220/table7Per-star abundances [Cr/Fe]-[Yb/Fe]ClusterCluster namemeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStarIDInternal star identifiermeta.id;meta.mainchar[Cr/Fe]Abundance ratio for Crphys.abund;arith.ratiofloate_[Cr/Fe]Abundance ratio for Cr error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Mn/Fe]Abundance ratio for Mnphys.abundfloate_[Mn/Fe]Abundance ratio for Mn error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Co/Fe]Abundance ratio for Cophys.abundfloate_[Co/Fe]Abundance ratio for Co error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Ni/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Niphys.abund;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_[Ni/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Ni error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Cu/Fe]Abundance ratio for Cuphys.abundfloate_[Cu/Fe]Abundance ratio for Cu error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Zn/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Znphys.abundfloatnullablee_[Zn/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Zn error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Y/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Yphys.abund;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_[Y/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Y error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Ce/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Cephys.abundfloatnullablee_[Ce/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Ce error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Nd/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Ndphys.abundfloatnullablee_[Nd/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Nd error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Yb/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Ybphys.abundfloatnullablee_[Yb/Fe]? Abundance ratio for Yb error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullableJ/A+A/704/A220/table8Mean cluster abundances [Mg/Fe]-[K/Fe]e_[Si/Fe]Mean [Si/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster namemeta.id;meta.mainchar[Fe/H]Mean [Fe/H] abundancephys.abund.Fe;stat.meanfloate_[Fe/H]Mean [Fe/H] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloat[Mg/Fe]Mean [Mg/Fe] abundancephys.abund;stat.meanfloate_[Mg/Fe]Mean [Mg/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Si/Fe]Mean [Si/Fe] abundancephys.abund;stat.meanfloat[S/Fe]Mean [S/Fe] abundancephys.abund;stat.meanfloate_[S/Fe]Mean [S/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Ca/Fe]? Mean [Ca/Fe] abundancephys.abund;stat.meanfloatnullablee_[Ca/Fe]? Mean [Ca/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[F/Fe]? Mean [F/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloatnullablee_[F/Fe]? Mean [F/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Na/Fe]? Mean [Na/Fe] abundancephys.abund;stat.meanfloatnullablee_[Na/Fe]? Mean [Na/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Al/Fe]? Mean [Al/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloatnullablee_[Al/Fe]? Mean [Al/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[K/Fe]? Mean [K/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloatnullablee_[K/Fe]? Mean [K/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullableJ/A+A/704/A220/table9Mean cluster abundances [Ti/Fe]-[Ni/Fe]ClusterCluster namemeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint[Ti/Fe]Mean [Ti/Fe] abundancephys.abund;stat.meanfloate_[Ti/Fe]Mean [Ti/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[V/Fe]Mean [V/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloate_[V/Fe]Mean [V/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Cr/Fe]Mean [Cr/Fe] abundancephys.abund;stat.meanfloate_[Cr/Fe]Mean [Cr/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Mn/Fe]Mean [Mn/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloate_[Mn/Fe]Mean [Mn/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Co/Fe]Mean [Co/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloate_[Co/Fe]Mean [Co/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Ni/Fe]Mean [Ni/Fe] abundancephys.abund;stat.meanfloate_[Ni/Fe]Mean [Ni/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatJ/A+A/704/A220/table10Mean cluster abundances [Cu/Fe]-[Yb/Fe]recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster namemeta.id;meta.mainchar[Cu/Fe]Mean [Cu/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloate_[Cu/Fe]Mean [Cu/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Zn/Fe]? Mean [Zn/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloatnullablee_[Zn/Fe]? Mean [Zn/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Y/Fe]? Mean [Y/Fe] abundancephys.abund;stat.meanfloatnullablee_[Y/Fe]? Mean [Y/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Ce/Fe]? Mean [Ce/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloatnullablee_[Ce/Fe]? Mean [Ce/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Nd/Fe]Mean [Nd/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloate_[Nd/Fe]Mean [Nd/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloat[Yd/Fe]? Mean [Yd/Fe] abundancephys.abundfloatnullablee_[Yd/Fe]? Mean [Yd/Fe] abundance error (1{sigma})stat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable