J/A+A/702/A32ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/702/A32doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-ny/ldcCDSHobson M.J.Suarez Mascareno A.Lovis C.Bouchy F.Lavie B.,Cretignier M.Silva A.M.Sousa S.G.Tabernero H.M.Adibekyan V.,Allende Prieto C.Alibert Y.Barros S.C.Castro-Gonzalez A.,Collins K.A.Cristiani S.D'Odorico V.Damasso M.Dragomir D.,Dumusque X.Ehrenreich D.Figueira P.Genova Santos R.Goeke B.,Gonzalez Hernandez J.I.Hesse K.Lillo-Box J.Lo Curto G.,Martins C.J.A.P.Mehner A.Micela G.Molaro P.Nunes N.J.Palle E.,Passegger V.M.Pepe F.Rebolo R.Rodrigues J.Santos N.Sozzetti A.,Tofflemire B.M.Udry S.Watkins C.Zapatero Osorio M.-R.Ziegler C.2026-08-03T06:58:20Z2025-10-03T09:07:46ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsk-starsexoplanetsradial-velocityvisible-astronomyspectroscopyActive regions on the stellar surface can induce quasi-periodic radial velocity (RV) variations that can mimic planets and mask true planetary signals. These spurious signals can be problematic for RV surveys such as those carried out by the ESPRESSO consortium. Using ESPRESSO and HARPS RVs and activity indicators, we aim to confirm and characterize two candidate transiting planets from TESS orbiting a K4 star with strong activity signals. From the ESPRESSO FWHM, TESS photometry, and ASAS-SN photometry, we measure a stellar rotation period of 21.28+/-0.08d. We jointly model the TESS photometry, ESPRESSO and HARPS RVs, and activity indicators, applying a multivariate Gaussian Process (GP) framework to the spectroscopic data. We are able to disentangle the planetary and activity components, finding that TOI-2322 b has a 11.307170^+0.000085^_-0.000079_d period, close to the first harmonic of the rotation period, a 2.03M_{Earth}_ mass upper limit and a 0.994^+0.057^_-0.059_R_{Earth}_ radius. TOI-2322 c orbits close to the stellar rotation period, with a 20.225528^+0.000039^_-0.000044_d period; it has a 18.10^+4.34^_-5.36_M_{Earth}_ mass and a 1.874^+0.066^_-0.057_R_{Earth}_ radius. The multivariate GP framework is crucial to separating the stellar and planetary signals, significantly outperforming a one-dimensional GP. Likewise, the transit data is fundamental to constraining the periods and epochs, enabling the retrieval of the planetary signals in the RVs. The internal structure of TOI-2322 c is very similar to that of Earth, making it one of the most massive planets with an Earth-like composition known. Description: Radial velocities and activity indicators from ESPRESSO and HARPS for TOI-2322,2025A&A...702A..32Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/702/A32CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/702/A32https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/702/A32http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/702/A32https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/702/A32https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/702/A32http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/702/A32GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/702/A32/espressoTOI-2322 ESPRESSO radial velocities (table C1)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBaricentric Julian date (BJD-2457000)dtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVRadial velocity errorm/sstat.errorfloatBisCCF Bisectorphys.velocfloate_BisCCF Bisector errorstat.errorfloatFWHMCCF full width at half maximumspect.line.widthfloate_FWHMCCF full width at half maximum errorstat.error;phys.angSizefloatContCCF Contrastphot.flux;arith.ratiofloate_ContCCF Contrast errorstat.errorfloatHalphaHalpha activity indicatorinstr.setup;spect.linedoublee_HalphaHalpha activity indicator errorstat.error;spect.linedoubleSMWS Mount Wilson activity indicatorspect.indexdoublee_SMWS Mount Wilson activity indicator errorstat.errordoublelog(R'HK)log(R'HK) activity indicatorspect.indexdoublee_log(R'HK)log(R'HK) activity indicator errorstat.errordoubleNaINaI doublet activity indicatorspect.indexdoublee_NaINaI doublet activity indicator errorstat.errordoubleJ/A+A/702/A32/harpsTOI-2322 HARPS radial velocities (table C2)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRVRadial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoubleBJDBaricentric Julian date (BJD-2457000)dtime.epochdoublee_RVRadial velocity errorm/sstat.errorfloatBisCCF Bisectorphys.velocfloate_BisCCF Bisector errorstat.errorfloatFWHMCCF full width at half maximumspect.line.widthfloate_FWHMCCF full width at half maximum errorstat.error;phys.angSizefloatContCCF Contrastphot.flux;arith.ratiofloate_ContCCF Contrast errorstat.errorfloatHalphaHalpha activity indicatorinstr.setup;spect.linedoublee_HalphaHalpha activity indicator errorstat.error;spect.linedoubleSMWS Mount Wilson activity indicatorspect.indexdoublee_SMWS Mount Wilson activity indicator errorstat.errordoublelog(R'HK)log(R'HK) activity indicatorspect.indexdoublee_log(R'HK)log(R'HK) activity indicator errorstat.errordoubleNaINaI doublet activity indicatorspect.indexdoublee_NaINaI doublet activity indicator errorstat.errordouble