J/A+A/702/A157ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/702/A157doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-ny/lbfhCDSErtl S.Suyu S.H.Schuldt S.Granata G.Grillo C.Caminha G.B.,Acebron A.Bergamini P.Canameras R.Cha S.Diego J.M.Foo N.,Frye B.L.Fudamoto Y.Halkola A.Jee M.J.Kamieneski P.S.,Koekemoer A.M.Meena A.K.Nishida S.Oguri M.Pierel J.D.R.Rosati P.,Tortorelli L.Wang H.Zitrin A.2026-08-03T06:57:54Z2025-10-27T09:25:23ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgravitational-lensinggalaxy-clustersinfrared-photometryhst-photometryThe strongly lensed Supernova (SN) Encore at a redshift of z=1.949, discovered behind the galaxy cluster MACS J0138-2155 at z=0.336, provides a rare opportunity for time-delay cosmography and studies of the SN host galaxy, where previously another SN, called SN Requiem, had appeared. To enable these studies, we combine new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) imaging, archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging, and new Very Large Telescope (VLT) spectroscopic data to construct state-of-the-art lens mass models that are composed of cluster dark-matter (DM) halos and galaxies. We fit the surface brightness distributions of the galaxies in the field of view using Sersic profiles to determine their photometric and structural parameters across six JWST and five HST filters. We use the color-magnitude and color-color relations of spectroscopically-confirmed cluster members to select additional cluster members, identifying a total of 84 galaxies belonging to the galaxy cluster. We construct seven different mass models using a variety of DM halo mass profiles, and explore both multi-plane and approximate single-plane lens models. As constraints, we use the observed positions of 23 multiple images from eight multiple image systems that originate from four galaxies with distinct spectroscopic redshifts in the range of 0.767 to 3.420. In addition, we use stellar velocity dispersion measurements to obtain priors on the galaxy mass distributions. We find that six of the seven models fit well to the observed image positions, with a root-mean-square (rms) scatter of <=0.032" between the model-predicted and observed positions for systems identified with JWST and HST images, including SN Encore and SN Requiem (the rms scatter is 0.24" for all positions, including those identified with MUSE images). Mass models with cored-isothermal DM profiles fit well to the observations, whereas the mass model with a Navarro-Frenk-White cluster DM profile has an image-position chi^2^ value that is four times higher. We build our ultimate model by combining four multi-lens-plane mass models in order to incorporate uncertainties due to model parameterizations. Our two approximate mass models with single-lens plane will allow us to perform direct comparisons with single-plane models built independently by other teams. Using our ultimate model, we predict the image positions and magnifications of SN Encore and SN Requiem. We also provide the effective convergence and shear of SN Encore for microlensing studies. Our work lays the foundation for building state-of-the-art mass models of the cluster for future cosmological analysis and SN host galaxy studies.2025A&A...702A.157Ehttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/702/A157CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/702/A157https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/702/A157http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/702/A157https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/702/A157https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/702/A157http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/702/A157GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/702/A157/tablea1 (Photometric parameters for 82 galaxies used in the model)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/702/A157/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/702/A157/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/702/A157/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true24.51570842964-21.925471711470.0055555555555555566/358292.0401237512456292e-19 4.2441532724171825e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/702/A157?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/702/A157/tablea1Photometric parameters for 82 galaxies used in the modelrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSeq[0/485] Photometric IDmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000.0)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000.0)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainF555Wmag? HST ACS/F555W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.opt.VdoublenullableF814Wmag? HST WFC3/F814W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.opt.IdoublenullableF105WmagHST WFC3/F105W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.IR.JdoubleF115Wmag? JWST NIRCam/F115W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.IR.JdoublenullableF125WmagHST WFC3/F125W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.IR.JdoubleF150Wmag? JWST NIRCam/F150W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.IR.HdoublenullableF160WmagHST WFC3/F160W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.IR.HdoubleF200Wmag? JWST NIRCam/F200W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.IR.KdoublenullableF277Wmag? JWST NIRCam/F277W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.IR.KdoublenullableF356Wmag? JWST NIRCam/F356W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umdoublenullableF444Wmag? JWST NIRCam/F444W magnitude (AB)magphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umdoublenullable