Variable stars in Galactic open clusters J/A+A/700/L13 ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/700/L13 doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-nw/wbd CDS Anderson R.I. Hunt E.L. 2026-08-03T06:56:51Z 2025-08-13T07:35:48Z CDS support team CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France cds-question@unistra.fr milky-way-galaxy open-star-clusters variable-stars visible-astronomy Both star clusters and variable stars are sensitive laboratories of stellar astrophysics and evolution: cluster member stars provide context for interpreting cluster populations, whereas variability reveals the nature of individual stellar systems. The European Space Agency's Gaia mission has revolutionized the census of star clusters in the Milky Way while simultaneously providing an unprecedented homogeneous all-sky catalog of variable stars. Here, we leverage the third Gaia data release (GDR3) to obtain an empirical birds-eye view of stellar evolution based on 34760 variable stars residing in 1192 Galactic open clusters (OCs) with a total of 173294 members (variable member fraction 20.0%). Using precise OC distances, de-reddened magnitudes, and consistently determined ages, we a) pinpoint regions of pulsational instability across the color-absolute magnitude diagram (CaMD), b) trace the occurrence rate of variables as a function of age, and c) consider the temporal evolution of rotation periods and photometric activity (gyrochronology). The occurrence of pulsating stars can serve as a model- and reddening-independent age estimator. Our results underline the power of jointly considering variability and OC membership and showcase a plethora of further applications, such as for age dating or dereddening OCs based on expected CaMD locations of variable stars. Upcoming Gaia data releases and the Vera C. Rubin Observatory will vastly increase the detail by which variable stars in OCs can empirically unravel the astrophysics and evolution of stellar populations. 2025A&A...700L..13A https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/700/L13 Catalog Research IsServedBy TAP VizieR generic service IsServedBy Conesearch service related-to I/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022) I/358 : Gaia DR3 Part 4. Variability (Gaia Collaboration, 2022) J/A+A/686/A42 : Improving the open cluster census. III. (Hunt+, 2024) https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.html https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/700/L13 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/700/L13 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/700/L13 https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/700/L13 https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/700/L13 http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/700/L13 GET text/xml+votable https://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tap Cone search capability for table J/A+A/700/L13/tableb1 (Variable star classifications) https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/700/L13/tableb1? https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/700/L13/tableb1? http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/700/L13/tableb1? GET text/xml+votable 180.0 50000 true 14.53201 55.8148033 0.005555555555555556 Cone search capability for table J/A+A/700/L13/tableb2 (Absolute dereddened cluster photometry) https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/700/L13/tableb2? https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/700/L13/tableb2? http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/700/L13/tableb2? GET text/xml+votable 180.0 50000 true 14.5862936 55.7804175 0.005555555555555556 4/28 30 84 86 89 110 193 195-196 203 206 225 961 972 1344 1377 1390 1477 1480 1482 1485 1514 1532 1534 1794 1817-1818 1820 2326-2327 2332 2349 2355 2357 2361 2363 2365-2367 2369-2370 2448-2450 2452-2454 2457 2481 2485-2486 2602 2605 2644-2645 2650-2651 2688 2701 2712 2772 2954 5/80-81 83-84 87 89-92 94-95 116-118 124 126-127 209 212 247 256 261-262 268 299 320-321 324-325 327 329 331-334 353 355 361 363-364 368-370 376 384-385 388 390 392 394 412 414 422 429-431 434-435 446 448 453 455 458 462 476 478 480-482 484-486 492 494 500 587 598-599 604 608-610 615 633 715 735-736 744 759 763-766 777 794-795 800 807 816-818 822-823 829 836 896 898-899 905-906 912 914 928 931 934 937 947 949 954 960 962 1019 1063 1074 1158 1169 1171-1172 1174-1175 1177 1179-1181 1218 1677 1679 1688 1690 1713 1720 3206 3231 3240 3246 3274 3290 3298 3316-3317 3319 3321 3323 3325-3326 3436 3438-3439 3443 3448 3450 3453 3455 3488 3490 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30614 30620 30626 30638 30647 30653 30655 30676 30686-30687 30691 30696-30697 30699-30700 30702 30708-30709 30711 30992 31053 31055-31057 31059 31062-31063 31088-31089 31091 31101 31744 31746-31747 31765 31767-31768 31770-31771 31776 31778-31779 31796 31820-31821 31824-31826 31843 31845-31847 31856 31858 31862 31868 31870-31871 31873 31876 31941 31956-31957 32001 32005 32023 32042 32065-32067 32069-32071 32073 32076-32077 32080 32082-32083 32087-32089 32091 32099 32102-32103 32105 32107 32114 32117 32119 32128 32196-32197 32208-32209 32212-32213 32234-32235 32238 32580-32582 32585 32588 33055 33069 33075 33080 33084 33086-33087 33094 33096 33098-33099 33105-33107 33110-33114 33116 33118 33120-33122 33124-33125 33129 33137 35535 35538 35544 35557 35564-35565 35567-35568 35571 37085-37087 37117 37119 37141 37155 37160-37161 37163 37166 37173 37175 37179-37181 37183-37185 37187-37188 37191 37194-37195 37206 37249 37252 37258 37263-37264 37267 37276 37278-37280 37282 37286 37288 37290 37297-37299 37305-37308 37336 37338-37341 37343 37353 37355 37373-37375 37479 37485-37487 37495-37496 37498-37499 37501-37502 37604-37605 37607 37624-37625 37627 37632 37645-37647 37649-37652 37654-37655 37664 37666-37667 37672-37673 37699 37740-37742 37756 37758-37759 37763 37768-37769 37771 37793 37795 37828-37829 37832 37834 37838 37889-37891 37901-37903 37940 37942-37943 37948-37949 37952-37954 37960-37962 37984 37986-37987 37992 38024 38032 38034-38035 38041-38043 38060 38063 38068-38070 38076 38078 38127 38137-38140 38142 38199 38205 38242 38248 38400 38402 38405 38416 38432 38441-38443 38445 38447 38455-38456 38458-38459 38469 38471 38477-38479 38529 38531 38544 38547 38550 38552-38554 38558 38564 38566-38567 38572 38574 38576-38577 38579-38580 38626 38632-38633 38635 38993 38995 39037 39039 39119 39122 39125 39127 39130-39131 39141 39143 39148-39149 39151 39156 39158 39164 39221 39223 39229-39231 39284-39285 39287 39304-39305 39337 39356 39358-39359 39369-39371 39389-39391 39393-39394 39413-39414 39492-39493 39500-39501 39504-39506 39512 39539 39545 39547 39636 39688 39690-39694 39716 39718-39722 39724-39725 39727 39729-39731 39733-39734 39740 39742 39753 39755 39792-39794 39797 39800 39803 39813 39815 39821 39828 39830 39856-39857 39859 39864-39865 39867 39873 39875 39900-39901 39903 39905-39907 39925 39929 39931 39935 39937-39938 39940 39944 39946 39961-39963 39968 39970-39971 39984-39985 40064 40066 40070-40072 40074 40077 40079 40090 40096 40098-40099 40101-40102 40108 40112 40448 40480 40482 40490-40491 40495 40499 40505 40507 40510 40576-40578 40581 40586 40593 40607-40609 40612 40614 40617-40618 40625 40627-40628 40630 40634 40648 40650 40678-40679 40683 40685 40687 40690-40691 41199 41203 41205-41207 41209 41211 41213-41214 41310-41311 41329 41342-41343 41377-41379 41381-41383 41400-41402 41404 41419-41420 41422-41423 41426-41427 41429-41430 41440-41441 41443 41449 41453 41455-41458 41465-41467 41502 41511-41512 41515-41518 41521-41526 41528 41530 41535 41541 41543 41547 41564-41565 41569-41570 41572-41574 41584 41586-41587 41589-41591 41600 41602 41607 41609 41611-41614 41616 41618-41619 41625-41626 41629-41631 41648 41650-41653 41656 41658 41663 41676-41677 41679 41701-41703 41705-41707 41716-41718 41720-41722 41724 41732 41735 41738-41739 41745 41747 41750 41753 41756 41760 41762-41763 41765 41767-41768 41770-41771 41774-41776 41779 41782-41783 41785 41787-41788 41790-41791 41797-41799 41804-41805 41807 41809-41811 41813-41814 41820 41823 41826-41827 41829-41831 41836-41838 41848-41849 41852 41857-41859 41868-41869 41871 41880-41881 41889 41892-41893 41916 41918-41920 41933 41944 41946-41947 41949-41950 41954 41959-41960 41962 41965 41968-41969 41971 41976-41977 41980-41981 41983 41994-41995 42007 42010-42011 42016-42017 42020-42021 42025-42027 42033-42035 42037 42040-42042 42056-42058 42060 42068 42075 42079 42093-42095 42098 42101-42106 42113-42115 42118 42125-42127 42130-42131 42134-42135 42156-42157 42168 42170-42171 42177-42179 42196-42198 42200 42202-42203 42208 42210-42211 42216-42217 42220 42225-42227 42232-42233 42235-42237 42239 42247 42250-42251 42253 42255 42262-42263 42284 42286-42287 42296-42298 42300-42301 42336-42337 42339 42345 42348-42349 42351 42353-42355 42372-42373 42390 42436-42437 42439 42444 42446 42461 42463 42468 42470 42482-42483 42485-42489 42493 42499 42502-42506 42514-42515 42517-42519 42521-42524 42526 42528 42532-42533 42544-42545 42553 42557 42559 42562-42563 42568-42570 42572 42574-42575 42580-42581 42583-42585 42587 42592-42593 42597 42600-42601 42603 42605 42613 42627 42629-42632 42634-42635 42644-42646 42648-42649 42651 42653-42654 42664-42665 42669 42672-42674 42681 42688-42689 42760-42761 42764-42765 42768-42770 42803 42806-42807 42850-42851 42854-42858 42860-42861 42866 42868 42872-42873 42896 42900-42901 42903 42908-42909 42911 42933-42935 42938-42941 42943 42950-42951 42968 42980 42982-42983 43024-43025 43027 43053 43055 43060-43062 43064-43066 43068 43080 43082-43083 43086 43088 43104-43105 43136-43138 43211 43213-43215 43233 43237-43238 43245 43257 43260-43262 43270-43271 43278-43280 43282 43311-43312 43321 43323 43326-43328 43368 43420-43421 43428-43429 43432 43439 43443 43456 43464 43781 43783 43792 43794 44309-44311 44340-44341 44343 44382 44388-44389 44400-44401 44404 47242-47243 47246 47282-47283 47290-47292 47616-47617 47619 47625 47629-47631 47636 47638-47639 47644-47646 47653 47658 47664-47665 47668 47744 47746-47748 47753-47755 47758 47776-47778 47780 47784 47786-47787 48110-48111 48122 48877 48879 48890-48891 49046 49052 49066 49077 49088 49090-49091 49094 49100 49102-49103 49121 49123 49133 49136 49138 49144 https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/700/L13?format=ascii Optical default J/A+A/700/L13/tableb1 Variable star classifications recno Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification. meta.record int GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 source ID meta.id;meta.main Cluster Host cluster name meta.id.parent char Class Gaia DR3 best variability classification (Rimoldini et al., 2023A&A...674A..14R, See Cat. I/358) meta.code.class char fCep [0/1] Flag indicating if star is in Gaia DR3 Cepheid table meta.code int fRB [0/1] Flag indicating if star is in Gaia DR3 eclipsing binary table meta.code int fLPV [0/1] Flag indicating if star is in Gaia DR3 long-period variable table meta.code int fMSOsc [0/1] Flag indicating if star is in Gaia DR3 main sequence oscillators table meta.code int frotmod [0/1] Flag indicating if star is in Gaia DR3 rotation modulation table meta.code int fRRLyr [0/1] Flag indicating if star is in Gaia DR3 RR Lyrae table meta.code int fShortTS [0/1] Flag indicating if star is in Gaia DR3 short-timescale variability table meta.code int _RA Positions from Gaia DR3 (right ascension part) deg pos.eq.ra;meta.main indexed _DE Positions from Gaia DR3 (declination part) deg pos.eq.dec;meta.main indexed
J/A+A/700/L13/tableb2 Absolute dereddened cluster photometry recno Record number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification. meta.record int GaiaDR3 Gaia DR3 source ID meta.id;meta.main Cluster Host cluster name meta.id.parent char GMAG Absolute dereddened G-band magnitude mag phot.mag.reddFree double BP-RP Absolute dereddened BP-RP color mag phys.magAbs double logAge Log of host cluster age (log base 10) (1) log(yr) time.age double Ext Extinction of host cluster (1) mag phys.absorption double Dist Distance to host cluster based on parallax (1) pc pos.distance double _RA Positions from Gaia DR3 (right ascension part) deg pos.eq.ra;meta.main indexed _DE Positions from Gaia DR3 (declination part) deg pos.eq.dec;meta.main indexed