J/A+A/700/A53ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/700/A53doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-nw/lfdCDSMamonova E.Shan Y.Kowalski A.F.Wedemeyer S.Werner S.C.2026-08-03T06:56:45Z2025-08-06T08:15:15ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frm-starspre-main-sequence-starsstellar-flaresstellar-agesstellar-massesstellar-radiiM stars are preferred targets for studying terrestrial exoplanets, for which we hope to obtain their atmosphere spectra in the next decade. However, M dwarfs have long been known for strong magnetic activity and the ability to frequently produce optical, broadband emission flares. We aim to characterise the flaring behaviour of young M dwarfs in the temporal, spectral, and energetic dimensions, as well as examine the stellar parameters governing this behaviour, in order to improve our understanding of the energy and frequency of the flare events capable of shaping the exoplanet atmosphere. Young Moving Group (YMG) members provide a unique age-based perspective on stellar activity. By examining their flare behaviour in conjunction with rotation, mass, and Ha data, we obtain a comprehensive understanding of flare activity drivers in young stars. We demonstrate that young stars sharing similar stellar parameters can exhibit a variety in flare frequency distributions and that the flare behaviour shows indications of difference between optical and far-UV. We propose that the period of rotation, not the age of the star, can be a good proxy for assessing flaring activity. Furthermore, we recommend that instead of a simple power law for describing the flare frequency distribution, a piecewise power law be used to describe mid-size and large flare distributions in young and active M dwarfs.Using known periods of rotation and fine-tuned power law governing the flare frequency, we can produce a realistic sequence of flare events to study whether the atmosphere of small exoplanets orbiting M dwarf shall withstand such activity until life can emerge.2025A&A...700A..53Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/700/A53CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/700/A53https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/700/A53http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/700/A53https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/700/A53https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/700/A53http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/700/A53GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/700/A53/tablea4 (additional stellar parameters: activity indicators, magnitudes, distances)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/700/A53/tablea4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/700/A53/tablea4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/700/A53/tablea4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true274.738469266.19258440.0055555555555555565/9239 6/129 158 497 518 546 574 725 778 793 811 838 1033 1042 1050 1052 1054 1063 1073 1075 1078 1081 1159 1168 1170 1628 1738 1822 2545 2681 2737 2922 3163 3345 3658 3682 3715 3791 4366 4444 4468 4518 4595 4867 4875 5000 5420 5534 6384 6672 6676 6809 6850 6980 7264 7471 7510 7611 7775 7921 7928 8163 8281 8627 8776 8915 9471 9597 9954 10037 10149 10203 10225 10695 10901 10999 11044 11671 12128 12140 12184 12770 12865 12922 12999 13157 13427 13451 13688 13743 13912 14277 14763 14781 14957 14963 15078 15110 15154 15311 15346 15355 15602 15686 15960 16041 16455 16993 17019 17283 17288 17412 17502 17606 17748 17816 18302 18344 18440 18666 18686 18726 18760-18762 19382 19879 20074 20100 20110 20459 20472 20507 20573 20595 20618 20632 20638 20645 20660 20795 21051 21090 21171 21199 21239 21310 21377 21428 21748 22014 22289 22709 22807 22830 22856 22904 22942 22964 23014 23080 23094 23443 23564 23731 23910 24231 24608 24763 24816 24843 24995 25009 25162 25196 25287 25374 25512 25528 25797 26240 26327 26699 26972 26977 27201 27289 27320 27392 27419 27459 27462 27734 27762 27828 28341 28459 28646 28746 28955 29814 29905 29958 30011 30455 31717 32056 32329 32491 32541 32868 32890 32912 32930 32937 32970 33006 33065 33067 33094 33129 33170 33237 33342 33355 33367 33370 33382 33422 33429 33449 33456 33461 33464 33482 33493 33501 33512-33513 33517 33520 33523 33529 33545 33551 33565 33583 33593-33594 33613 33618 33643 33654 33659 33666 33677 33689 33694 33697 33706 33716 33718 33756 33850 33919 33956 33993 33996 34012 34058 34118 34127 34145 34152 34167 34208 34266 34312 34380 34415 34417-34418 34450 34486 34530 34566 34571 34577 34592 34733 34776 34819 34823 34829-34830 34834 34840 34849 34857 34880 34920 34959 34963 35002 35112 35121 35123 35131 35147 35152 35391 35415 35531 35845 35847 35859 35885 35887 35992 36045 36060 36129 36308 36401 36419 36425 36614 36641 36732 36755 36778 36789 36948 36961 36969 36982 37006 37012-37013 37041 37060 37092 37097 37128 37130 37134 37310 37387 37418-37419 37453 37557 37564 37580 37638 37734 37765 37769 37970 38002 38120 38146 38440 38646 38936 38970 39019 39575 40031 40148 40275 40359 40435 40505 40534 40723 40748 40833 40941 41247 41505 41538 41601 41854 42242 42290 42483 43089 43130 43207 43265 43372 43415 43565 43571 43670 43950 43993 44001 44696 45069 45073 45120 45168 45324 45336 45345 45377-45378 45389 45394 45416 45471-45472 45492 45503 45510 45544 45576 45770 45852 45876 45967 45970 45977 45987 46082 46207 46339 46383 46601 46629 46668 46692 46717 46739 46754 46758 46922 47120 47207 47219 47242 47249 47273 47345 47366 47472 47487 47499 47889 47911 48064 48163 48274 48318 48341 48443-48444 48500 48648 49056https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/700/A53?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/700/A53/tablea1YMD sub main stellar parametersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDStar IDmeta.id;meta.maincharGroupYMG associationmeta.idcharAgeStar age if in YMGMyrtime.agefloatProtRotation perioddtime.periodfloatf_Prot[0/1]? Rotation period flag (1)meta.codefloatnullableMassBin[1/4] Mass bin (2)solMassmeta.codefloatRadiusStellar radiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatSpTypeSpectral typesrc.spTypecharr_SpTypeReference for spectral type, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;pos.framecharlogRolog10 Rossby numberstat.paramfloatJ/A+A/700/A53/tablea2*CARMENES sub main stellar parametersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDStar IDmeta.id;meta.maincharSpTypeSpectral typesrc.spTypecharProtRotation perioddtime.perioddoubleAge? Star ageMyrtime.agefloatnullableRadiusStellar radiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatMassStellar masssolMassphys.massfloatlogRo? log10 Rossby numberstat.paramfloatnullableJ/A+A/700/A53/tablea3Multi-planet system sub main stellar parametersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDStar IDmeta.id;meta.maincharAge? Star ageMyrtime.agefloatnullabler_AgeReference for age, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;pos.framecharProtRotation perioddtime.periodfloatf_Prot[0/1]? Rotation period flag (1)meta.codefloatnullableMassStellar masssolMassphys.massfloatr_MassReference for mass, in refs.dat filemeta.refcharRadiusStellar radiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatr_RadiusReference for radiusmeta.ref;pos.framecharSpTypeSpectral typesrc.spTypecharr_SpTypeReference for spectral type, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;pos.framecharlogRolog10 Rossby numberstat.paramfloatJ/A+A/700/A53/tablea4additional stellar parameters: activity indicators, magnitudes, distancesSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDStar IDmeta.id;meta.maincharEWHaGaia? Halpha equivalent width in Gaia DR3spect.line.eqWidthdoublenullableEWHaGaiaMod? Halpha equivalent width model in Gaia DR3spect.line.eqWidthdoublenullablef_EWHaGaia[0/1]? Halpha equivalent width flag in Gaia DR3 (1)meta.codefloatnullablee_EWHaGaia? Error in Halpha equivalent width reported in Gaia DR3stat.errordoublenullableEWHalit? Halpha equivalent width in literaturespect.line.eqWidthfloatnullabler_EWHalit? Reference for Halpha equivalent width, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;pos.framecharG-RP? (G-Grp) colour in Gaia DR3magphot.color;em.opt;em.optdoublenullableTmag? TESS T apparent magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optdoublenullableDist? Stellar distancepcpos.distancedoublenullabler_Dist? Stellar distance reference, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;pos.framecharFlareCountNumber of flares observedmeta.numberintFlareRate? Flare rate (2)d**-1time;arith.ratiodoublenullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/700/A53/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBibCodeBibCodemeta.bib.bibcodecharAutAuthor's namemeta.bib.authorcharComCommentsmeta.notechar