J/A+A/700/A177ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/700/A177doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-nw/lbhhCDSGomes da Silva J.Delgado-Mena E.Santos N.C.Monteiro T.Larue P.,Suarez Mascareno A.Delfosse X.Mignon L.Artigau E.Nari N.Abreu M.,Aguiar L.A.J.Al Moulla K.Allain G.Allart R.Arial T.Auger H.,Baron F.Barros C.C.S.Bazinet L.Benneke B.Blind N.Bohlender D.,Boisse I.Bonfils X.Boucher A.Bouchy F.Bourrier V.Bovay S.,Branco P.Broeg C.Brousseau D.Bruniquel V.Bryan M.Cabral A.,Cadieux C.Canto Martins L.B.Carmona A.Carteret Y.Challita Z.,Chazelas B.Cloutier R.Coelho J.Cointepas M.Conod U.Cook J.N.,Costa Silva A.R.Cowan B.N.Cristo E.Darveau-Bernier A.Dauplaise L.,de Lima Gomes R.De Medeiros J.R.Delisle J.-B.Doshi D.Doyon R.,Dumusque X.Ehrenreich D.Figueira P.Dasaev Fontinele O.Forveille T.,Frensch G.C.Y.Gagne J.Genest F.Genolet L.Gonzalez Hernandez I.J.,Glover J.Gracia Temich F.Grieves N.Gromek N.Hernandez O.,Hobson J.M.Hoeijmakers H.J.Hubin N.Jahandar F.Jayawardhana R.,Kaeufl H.-U.Kerley D.Kolb J.Krishnamurthy V.Kung B.L'Heureux A.,Lafreniere D.Lamontagne P.de Castro Leao I.Leath H.Lim O.,Lipper J.Lo Curto G.Lovis C.Malo L.Martins M.A.Matthews J.,Mayer J.-S.Melo C.Messamah L.Messias S.Y.Metchev S.Moranta L.,Mordasini C.Mounzer D.Mraz G.Nielsen D.L.Osborn A.Otegi J.,Ouellet M.Parc L.Pasquini L.Passegger M.V.Pelletier S.Pepe F.,Peroux C.Piaulet-Ghorayeb C.Plotnykov M.Pompei E.,Poulin-Girard A.-S.Rasilla J.L.Rebolo R.Reshetov V.Rowe J.,Saint-Antoine J.Sarajlic M.Saviane I.Schnell R.Segovia A.,Segransan D.Seidel J.Silber A.Sinclair P.Sordet M.Sosnowska D.,Srivastava A.Stefanov K.A.Teixeira A.M.Thibault S.Udry S.,Valencia D.Vallee P.Vandal T.Vaulato V.Wade G.,Joost Wardenier P.Wehbe B.Weisserman D.Wevers I.Wildi F.,Yariv V.Zins G.2026-08-03T06:56:18Z2025-08-15T10:15:34ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frg-starsspectroscopyinfrared-astronomyvisible-astronomyStellar activity variability is one of the main obstacles to the detection of Earth-like planets using the radial velocity (RV) method. The aim of this work is to measure the effect of activity in the spectra of M dwarfs and detect activity-sensitive lines in the near-infrared (NIR) to help improve exoplanet detection and characterisation and contribute to further stellar activity analysis in the NIR. We took advantage of the simultaneous observations of HARPS and the newly commissioned NIRPS spectrograph to carry out a blind search of the most activity-sensitive spectral lines in the NIR using NIRPS spectra and known activity indicators in the optical from HARPS as a reference. We analysed the spectra of Proxima (M5.5V) and Gl 581 (M3V), two M dwarfs with different activity levels and internal structures. Spectral lines were identified for both stars and their profiles were fitted using different models. We found hundreds of lines sensitive to activity for both stars; the Proxima spectra were more affected. For Proxima, around 32% of the identified lines can be used to measure the rotation period of the star, while for Gl 581 the numbers drops to 1%. The fraction of lines sensitive to activity increases with increasing line depth for both stars. A list of 17 lines with rotation period detection for both stars is provided. Stellar activity is able to affect a significant number of spectral lines in the NIR, and methods should be developed to mitigate those effects at the spectral level. The line distortions detected here are expected to come mainly from the flux effect due to temperature contrasts between active regions and the quiet photosphere; however, we cannot rule out the possibility that core-emission from chromospheric activity or Zeeman splitting are also affecting some lines. The new line lists presented here can be used to improve the RV extraction and the detection of RV variability due to stellar activity signals, and to help false positive detection and the modelling of activity variability, thereby enhancing exoplanet detection in the NIR.2025A&A...700A.177Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/700/A177CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/700/A177https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/700/A177http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/700/A177https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/700/A177https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/700/A177http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/700/A177GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/700/A177/gl581Line of Gl581 (table E1)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintpv-D-Hap-value of the correlation between the line depth and the Halpha06 index (pv_depth_ha)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-D-Nap-value of the correlation between the line depth and the NaI index (pv_depth_na)stat.fit.goodnessdoublerho-pEW-ActPearson correlation coefficient between the best pEW and the best activity index (rho_pew_act)stat.correlationdoublepv-pEW-Actp-value of the correlation between the best pEW and the best activity index (pv_pew_act)stat.fit.goodnessdoublerho-pEW-BERVPearson correlation coefficient between the best pEW and BERV (rho_pew_berv)stat.correlationdoublebestpEWpEW parameter responsible for the correlation in rho_pew_act (best_pew)stat.fit.paramcharctrMedian of the fitted line centre time series (ctr)0.1nmstat.fit.paramdoublee_ctrMedian of the fitted line centre uncertainties time series (ctr_e)0.1nmstat.errordoubles_ctrStandard deviation of the fitted line centre time series (ctr_std)0.1nmstat.errordoubleFWHMMedian of the fitted FWHM time series (fwhm)km/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHMMedian of the fitted FWHM uncertainties time series (fwhm_e)km/sstat.error;phys.angSizedoubles_FWHMStandard deviation of the fitted FWHM time series (fwhm_std)km/sstat.stdev;phys.angSize;meta.modelleddoubleDepthMedian of the fitted line depth time series in units of fraction of the normalised continuum (depth)phys.absorption.opticalDepth;stat.mediandoublee_DepthMedian of the fitted line depth uncertainties time series in units of fraction of the normalised continuum (depth_e)stat.error;phys.absorption.opticalDepthdoubles_DepthStandard deviation of the fitted line depth time series in units of fraction of the normalised continuum (depth_std)meta.notedoublerho-ctr-F-NPearson correlation coefficient between the line centre and NIRPS CCF FWHM (rho_ctr_fwhm_nirps)stat.correlationdoublerho-ctr-HaPearson correlation coefficient between the line centre and the Halpha06 index (rho_ctr_ha)stat.correlationdoublerho-ctr-NaPearson correlation coefficient between the line centre and the NaI index (rho_ctr_na)stat.correlationdoublerho-ctr-BERVPearson correlation coefficient between the line centre and BERV (rho_ctr_berv)stat.correlationdoublerho-F-F-NPearson correlation coefficient between the line FWHM and NIRPS CCF FWHM (rho_fwhm_fwhm_nirps)stat.correlationdoublerho-F-HaPearson correlation coefficient between the line FWHM and the Halpha06 index (rho_fwhm_ha)stat.correlationdoublerho-F-NaPearson correlation coefficient between the line FWHM and the NaI index (rho_fwhm_na)stat.correlationdoublerho-F-BERVPearson correlation coefficient between the line FWHM and BERV (rho_fwhm_berv)stat.correlationdoublerho-D-F-NPearson correlation coefficient between the line depth and NIRPS CCF FWHM (rho_depth_fwhm_nirps)stat.correlationdoublerho-D-HaPearson correlation coefficient between the line depth and the Halpha06 index (rho_depth_ha)stat.correlationdoublerho-D-NaPearson correlation coefficient between the line depth and the NaI index (rho_depth_na)stat.correlationdoublerho-D-BERVPearson correlation coefficient between the line depth and BERV (rho_depth_berv)stat.correlationdoublepv-ctr-F-Np-value of the correlation between the line centre and the NIRPS CCF FWHM (pv_ctr_fwhm_nirps)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-ctr-Hap-value of the correlation between the line centre and the Halpha06 index (pv_ctr_ha)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-ctr-Nap-value of the correlation between the line centre and the NaI index (pv_ctr_na)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-F-F-Np-value of the correlation between the line FWHM and NIRPS CCF FWHM (pv_fwhm_fwhm_nirps)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-F_Hap-value of the correlation between the line FWHM and the Halpha06 index (pv_fwhm_ha)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-F-Nap-value of the correlation between the line FWHM and the NaI index (pv_fwhm_na)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-D-F-Np-value of the correlation between the line depth and the NIRPS CCF FWHM (pv_depth_fwhm_nirps)stat.fit.goodnessdoublebestActActivity index responsible for the correlation in rho_pew_act (best_act)stat.fit.paramcharbandpassCentral bandpass used to compute best_pew (bandpass)km/sinstrdoublebandpass-c20Central bandpass obtained from using Cretignier et al. (2020A&A...633A..76C) line identification method (bandpass_c20)km/sinstr.bandpassdoublectr-Per? Period detected using line centre time series (ctr_per)dtime.perioddoublenullablectr-FAP? FAP of the period detected using line centre time series (ctr_fap)stat.fit.goodnessdoublenullableFWHM-Per? Period detected using line FWHM time series (fwhm_per)dtime.perioddoublenullableFWHM-FAP? FAP of the period detected using line FWHM time series (fwhm_fap)stat.fit.goodnessdoublenullableDepth-Per? Period detected using line depth time series (depth_per)dtime.perioddoublenullableDepth-FAP? FAP of the period detected using line depth time series (depth_fap)stat.fit.goodnessdoublenullablepEW-Per? Period detected using the best pEW time series (pew_per)dtime.perioddoublenullablepEW-FAP? FAP of the period detected using the best pEW time series (pew_fap)stat.fit.goodnessdoublenullablebestpEW-Per? pEW parameter used in pew_per (best_pew_per)dstat.fit.paramcharFlag[0/3]? Flag (flag) (1)meta.code.errorintnullableJ/A+A/700/A177/proxLine of Proxima (table E1)DepthMedian of the fitted line depth time series in units of fraction of the normalised continuum (depth)phys.absorption.opticalDepth;stat.mediandoublerho-ctr-F-NPearson correlation coefficient between the line centre and NIRPS CCF FWHM (rho_ctr_fwhm_nirps)stat.correlationdoublebestActActivity index responsible for the correlation in rho_pew_act (best_act)stat.fit.paramcharbandpassCentral bandpass used to compute best_pew (bandpass)km/sinstrdoublebandpass-c20Central bandpass obtained from using Cretignier et al. (2020A&A...633A..76C) line identification method (bandpass_c20)km/sinstr.bandpassdoublectr-Per? Period detected using line centre time series (ctr_per)dtime.perioddoublenullablectr-FAP? FAP of the period detected using line centre time series (ctr_fap)stat.fit.goodnessdoublenullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintctrMedian of the fitted line centre time series (ctr)0.1nmstat.fit.paramdoublee_ctrMedian of the fitted line centre uncertainties time series (ctr_e)0.1nmstat.errordoubles_ctrStandard deviation of the fitted line centre time series (ctr_std)0.1nmstat.errordoubleFWHMMedian of the fitted FWHM time series (fwhm)km/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHMMedian of the fitted FWHM uncertainties time series (fwhm_e)km/sstat.error;phys.angSizedoubles_FWHMStandard deviation of the fitted FWHM time series (fwhm_std)km/sstat.stdev;phys.angSize;meta.modelleddoublee_DepthMedian of the fitted line depth uncertainties time series in units of fraction of the normalised continuum (depth_e)stat.error;phys.absorption.opticalDepthdoubles_DepthStandard deviation of the fitted line depth time series in units of fraction of the normalised continuum (depth_std)meta.notedoublerho-ctr-HaPearson correlation coefficient between the line centre and the Halpha06 index (rho_ctr_ha)stat.correlationdoublerho-ctr-NaPearson correlation coefficient between the line centre and the NaI index (rho_ctr_na)stat.correlationdoublerho-ctr-BERVPearson correlation coefficient between the line centre and BERV (rho_ctr_berv)stat.correlationdoublerho-F-F-NPearson correlation coefficient between the line FWHM and NIRPS CCF FWHM (rho_fwhm_fwhm_nirps)stat.correlationdoublerho-F-HaPearson correlation coefficient between the line FWHM and the Halpha06 index (rho_fwhm_ha)stat.correlationdoublerho-F-NaPearson correlation coefficient between the line FWHM and the NaI index (rho_fwhm_na)stat.correlationdoublerho-F-BERVPearson correlation coefficient between the line FWHM and BERV (rho_fwhm_berv)stat.correlationdoublerho-D-F-NPearson correlation coefficient between the line depth and NIRPS CCF FWHM (rho_depth_fwhm_nirps)stat.correlationdoublerho-D-HaPearson correlation coefficient between the line depth and the Halpha06 index (rho_depth_ha)stat.correlationdoublerho-D-NaPearson correlation coefficient between the line depth and the NaI index (rho_depth_na)stat.correlationdoublerho-D-BERVPearson correlation coefficient between the line depth and BERV (rho_depth_berv)stat.correlationdoublepv-ctr-F-Np-value of the correlation between the line centre and the NIRPS CCF FWHM (pv_ctr_fwhm_nirps)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-ctr-Hap-value of the correlation between the line centre and the Halpha06 index (pv_ctr_ha)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-ctr-Nap-value of the correlation between the line centre and the NaI index (pv_ctr_na)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-F-F-Np-value of the correlation between the line FWHM and NIRPS CCF FWHM (pv_fwhm_fwhm_nirps)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-F_Hap-value of the correlation between the line FWHM and the Halpha06 index (pv_fwhm_ha)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-F-Nap-value of the correlation between the line FWHM and the NaI index (pv_fwhm_na)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-D-F-Np-value of the correlation between the line depth and the NIRPS CCF FWHM (pv_depth_fwhm_nirps)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-D-Hap-value of the correlation between the line depth and the Halpha06 index (pv_depth_ha)stat.fit.goodnessdoublepv-D-Nap-value of the correlation between the line depth and the NaI index (pv_depth_na)stat.fit.goodnessdoublerho-pEW-ActPearson correlation coefficient between the best pEW and the best activity index (rho_pew_act)stat.correlationdoublepv-pEW-Actp-value of the correlation between the best pEW and the best activity index (pv_pew_act)stat.fit.goodnessdoublerho-pEW-BERVPearson correlation coefficient between the best pEW and BERV (rho_pew_berv)stat.correlationdoubleFWHM-Per? Period detected using line FWHM time series (fwhm_per)dtime.perioddoublenullableFWHM-FAP? FAP of the period detected using line FWHM time series (fwhm_fap)stat.fit.goodnessdoublenullableDepth-Per? Period detected using line depth time series (depth_per)dtime.perioddoublenullableDepth-FAP? FAP of the period detected using line depth time series (depth_fap)stat.fit.goodnessdoublenullablepEW-Per? Period detected using the best pEW time series (pew_per)dtime.perioddoublenullablepEW-FAP? FAP of the period detected using the best pEW time series (pew_fap)stat.fit.goodnessdoublenullablebestpEW-Per? pEW parameter used in pew_per (best_pew_per)dstat.fit.paramcharFlag[0/3]? Flag (flag) (1)meta.code.errorintnullablebestpEWpEW parameter responsible for the correlation in rho_pew_act (best_pew)stat.fit.paramchar