J/A+A/698/A39ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/698/A39doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-nt/ldjCDSPatrick L.R.Lennon D.J.Najarro F.Shenar T.Bodensteiner J.Sana H.,Crowther P.A.Britavskiy N.Langer N.Schootemeijer A.Evans C.J.,Mahy L.Goetberg Y.de Mink S.E.Schneider F.R.N.O'Grady A.J.G.,Villasenor J.I.Bernini-Peron M.Bowman D.M.de Koter A.Deshmukh K.,Gilkis A.Gonzalez-Tora G.Kalari V.M.Keszthelyi Z.Mandel I.,Menon A.Moe M.Oskinova L.M.Pauli D.Renzo M.Sander A.C.Sen K.,Stoop M.van Loon J.T.Toonen S.Tramper F.Vink J.S.Wang C.2026-02-20T20:00:53Z2025-05-28T09:31:50ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsupergiant-starsradial-velocityGiven the uncertain evolutionary status of blue supergiant stars, their multiplicity properties hold vital clues to better understand their origin and evolution. As part of The Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM) campaign in the Small Magellanic Cloud, we present a multi-epoch spectroscopic survey of 128 supergiant stars of spectral type B5-F5, which roughly correspond to initial masses in the 6-30M_{sun}_ range. The observed binary fraction for the B5-9 supergiants is 25+/-6% (10+/-4%) and 5+/-2% (0%) for the A-F stars, which were found using a radial-velocity (RV) variability threshold of 5km/s (10km/s) as a criterion for binarity. Accounting for observational biases, we find an intrinsic multiplicity fraction of less than 18% for the B5-9 stars and 8^+9^_-7_% for the AF stars, for the orbital periods up to 10^3.5^days and mass ratios (q) in the 0.1<q<1 range. The large stellar radii of these supergiant stars prevent short orbital periods, but we demonstrate that this effect alone cannot explain our results. We assessed the spectra and RV time series of the detected binary systems and find that only a small fraction display convincing solutions. We conclude that the multiplicity fractions are compromised by intrinsic stellar variability, such that the true multiplicity fraction may be significantly smaller. Our main conclusions from comparing the multiplicity properties of the B5-9- and AF-type supergiants to that of their less evolved counterparts is that such stars cannot be explained by a direct evolution from the main sequence. Furthermore, by comparing their multiplicity properties to red supergiant stars, we conclude that the AF supergiant stars are neither progenitors nor descendants of red supergiants.2025A&A...698A..39Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/698/A39CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/690/A289 : Binarity at LOw Metallicity (BLOeM). I. (Shenar+, 2024)J/A+A/698/A38 : BLOeM. Oe and Be stars (Bodensteiner+, 2025)J/A+A/698/A40 : BLOeM. SMC early B supergiants multiplicity (Britavskiy+ 2025)J/A+A/698/A41 : BLOeM. Early B dwarfs and giants at Z=0.2 (Villasenor+, 2025)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/698/A39https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/698/A39http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/698/A39https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/698/A39https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/698/A39http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/698/A39GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/698/A39/tableb3 (Mean radial velocities, their standard deviation, median value, and peak-to-peak velocity)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/698/A39/tableb3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/698/A39/tableb3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/698/A39/tableb3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true15.19165525528-72.219161778630.0055555555555555566/33294-33295 33298 33304 33306 33317 33328https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/698/A39?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/698/A39/tableb1Velocity corrections for each field and epoch that have to be added to the measured VcsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintField[1/8] Field numbermeta.id;obs.fieldintVc1Velocity correction at Epoch1km/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloatVc2Velocity correction at Epoch2km/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloatVc3Velocity correction at Epoch3km/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloatVc4Velocity correction at Epoch4km/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloatVc5Velocity correction at Epoch5km/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloatVc6Velocity correction at Epoch6km/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloatVc7Velocity correction at Epoch7km/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloatVc8Velocity correction at Epoch8km/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloatVc9Velocity correction at Epoch9km/sphys.veloc;arith.difffloatJ/A+A/698/A39/tableb2Measured radial velocities and uncertainties for each epochrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBLOeMBLOeM name (N-NNN)meta.id;meta.maincharMJDModified Julian date of observationdtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RVRadial velocity errorkm/sstat.errorfloatJ/A+A/698/A39/tableb3Mean radial velocities, their standard deviation, median value, and peak-to-peak velocityrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintVCShow the Radial Velocity curvesmeta.ref.urlcharBLOeMBLOeM name (N-NNN)meta.id;meta.maincharSpTypeSpectral typesrc.spTypecharRVmeanMean radial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;stat.meanfloatsigmaStandard deviation median value of radial velocitykm/sstat.stdev;spect.dopplerVeloc;stat.medianfloatRVmedianMedian radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatp2pPeak-to-peak velocity)km/sphys.veloc;src.orbitalfloate_RVmedianMedian radial velocity errorkm/sstat.errorfloatNepochs[3/9] Number of epochs availablemeta.numberintn4Number of pairs of measurements satisfying Eq. (1) of the papermeta.numberintTeffEffective temperature (1)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintlogLLogarithmic luminosity (1)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatComComment (2)meta.notechar_RAPositions from Paper I (J/A+A/690/A289) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from Paper I (J/A+A/690/A289) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main