J/A+A/698/A279ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/698/A279doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36980279CDSde Wit S.Munoz-Sanchez G.Maravelias G.Bonanos A.Z.Antoniadis K.,Garcia-Alvarez D.Britavskiy N.Ruiz A.Philippopoulou A.2025-10-10T20:01:17Z2025-06-20T12:27:13ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiessupergiant-starsh-ii-regionsradial-velocityvisible-astronomyinfrared-astronomyMass loss in massive stars is crucial to understanding how these stars evolve and explode. Despite increasing evidence of its importance, episodic mass loss remains poorly understood. Here we report the results of an optical spectroscopic survey of evolved massive stars in NGC 6822, IC 10, and IC 1613 conducted as part of the ASSESS project (Episodic Mass Loss in Evolved Massive Stars: Key to Understanding the Explosive Early Universe), which investigated the role of episodic mass loss by targeting stars with infrared excesses indicating a dusty circumstellar environment. We assigned a spectral class to 122 unique sources, the majority of which are dusty. The rate of evolved massive stars was over 60% for the highest-priority targets. We discovered two blue supergiants, one yellow supergiant, and one emission-line object, and confirmed two supernova remnant candidates, a Wolf-Rayet star, and two HII regions. Twenty-eight unique sources were classified as red supergiants (RSGs), 21 of which are new discoveries. In IC 10, we increased the sample of spectroscopically confirmed RSGs from 1 to 17. We used the marcs models to obtain their surface properties, most importantly the effective temperature, and used spectral energy distribution fitting to obtain the stellar luminosity for 17 of them. The dusty RSGs are cooler, more luminous, more extinguished, and more evolved than the non-dusty ones, in agreement with previous findings. By investigating the optical photometric variability of the RSGs from light curves that cover a period of over a decade, we found that the dusty RSGs are more variable. We further highlight a very extinguished emission-line object, two RSGs that display a significant change in spectral type between two observed epochs, and four dusty K-type RSGs that may have undergone episodic.2025A&A...698A.279Dhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/698/A279CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)II/349 : Pan-STARRS release 1 (PS1) Survey - DR1 (Chambers+, 2016)II/367 : VISTA Hemisphere Survey Survey (VHS) catalog DR5J/ApJS/216/10 : DUSTiNGS. I. The Good Source Catalog (Boyer+, 2015)J/ApJS/219/42 : Spitzer point source catalogs in 7 nearby galaxiesJ/A+A/686/A77 : Spectral class. of dusty massive stars (Bonanos+, 2024)J/A+A/689/A46 : Physical properties of red supergiants (de Wit+, 2024)http://wsa.roe.ac.uk/uhsDR1.html : UKIRT Hemisphere Survey: J-band data releasehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/698/A279https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/698/A279http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/698/A279https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/698/A279https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/698/A279http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/698/A279GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/698/A279/table3 (General photometric catalog with spec. classes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/698/A279/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/698/A279/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/698/A279/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true5.0907159.304890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/698/A279/table4 (Stellar parameters of the RSG sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/698/A279/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/698/A279/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/698/A279/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true296.21295-14.732180.0055555555555555566/3042-3043 18041 29716 297187.952274030004205e-20 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/698/A279?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/698/A279/table3General photometric catalog with spec. classesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordinte_zmag? Pan-STARRS1 z magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableymag? Pan-STARRS1 y magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_ymag? Pan-STARRS1 y magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableJmagUHS? UHS J magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_JmagUHS? UHS J magnitude errormagstat.errorfloatnullableIDID of the target (1)meta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainField[AB-] Field of observations, see Table A2 (G2) (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharPrioPriority of the target, see Table A1 (G1) (3)meta.ref;pos.framecharGmag? Gaia G magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBPmag? Gaia BP magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableRPmag? Gaia RP magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullableplx? Gaia parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_plx? Gaia parallax errormasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullablepmRA? Gaia proper motion in RAmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablee_pmRA? Gaia proper motion in RA errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE? Gaia proper motion in DEmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullablee_pmDE? Gaia proper motion in DE errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullable3.6mag? Spitzer [3.6] magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_3.6mag? Spitzer [3.6] magnitude errormagstat.errorfloatnullable4.5mag? Spitzer [4.5] magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_4.5mag? Spitzer [4.5] magnitude errormagstat.errorfloatnullable5.8mag? Spitzer [5.8] magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullablee_5.8mag? Spitzer [5.8] magnitude errormagstat.errorfloatnullable8.0mag? Spitzer [8.0] magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.8-15umfloatnullablee_8.0mag? Spitzer [8.0] magnitude errormagstat.errorfloatnullable24mag? Spitzer [24] magnitudemagphot.flux.density;em.IR.15-30umfloatnullablee_24mag? Spitzer [24] magnitude errormagstat.errorfloatnullablegmag? Pan-STARRS1 g magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatnullablee_gmag? Pan-STARRS1 g magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablermag? Pan-STARRS1 r magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_rmag? Pan-STARRS1 r magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableimag? Pan-STARRS1 i magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_imag? Pan-STARRS1 i magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablezmag? Pan-STARRS1 z magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableJmagVHS? VHS J magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_JmagVHS? VHS J magnitude errormagstat.errorfloatnullableKsmagVHS? VHS Ks magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_KsmagVHS? VHS Ks magnitude errormagstat.errorfloatnullableGMAGmad? Median Absolute Deviation of Gstat.stdevfloatnullableZTF-rMADMedian Absolute Deviation of ZTF-rstat.stdevcharATL-oMADMedian Absolute Deviation of ATL-ostat.stdevcharSpClassSpectral classificationspect.indexcharSpecComComments on spectral classificationmeta.notecharRSGindicates data in the RSG sample (table 4)meta.ref.urlcharJ/A+A/698/A279/table4Stellar parameters of the RSG samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDID of the targetmeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainField[AB-] Field of observations, see Table A2 (G2)meta.ref;pos.framecharPrioPriority of the target, see Table A1 (G1)meta.ref;pos.framecharS/NSignal-to-noise ratiostat.snrintSpTypeSpectral Typesrc.spTypecharFlagFitting flag (1)meta.code.errorcharTeffTeff derive from the TiO bands fitKphys.temperature.effectiveintb_TeffLower value of TeffKphys.temperature.effective;stat.minintB_TeffUpper value of TeffKphys.temperature.effective;stat.maxintTeffiTeff in the i-band scaled from the TiOphys.temperature.effectivecharE(B-V)E(B-V)magphot.color.excessfloatb_E(B-V)Lower value of E(B-V)magphot.color;stat.minfloatB_E(B-V)Upper value of E(B-V)magphot.color;stat.maxfloatloggSurface gravity log(g) from Ca II fitlog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatB_loggUpper value of log(g)log(cm.s**-2)arith.zp;stat.maxfloatb_loggLower value of log(g)log(cm.s**-2)arith.zp;stat.minfloatHRVHeliocentric radial velocitykm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.heliocentricintb_HRVLower value of Vradkm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.heliocentric;stat.minintB_HRVUpper value of Vradkm/sspect.dopplerVeloc;pos.heliocentric;stat.maxintlogL? Luminosity log(L/Lsun)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablee_logL? Error of logLlog(solLum)stat.errorfloatnullableRadius? Stellar radiussolRadphys.angSize;srcintnullableb_Radius? Lower value of RadiussolRadphys.size.radius;stat.minintnullableE_Radius? Upper value of RadiussolRadstat.error;stat.maxintnullable