J/A+A/696/A130ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/696/A130doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-nr/lbdaCDSYang H.-F.Zhang B.-Y.Cai J.-H.Qu H.Zheng A.-Y.Hao J.Chen X.,Zhao X.Xun Y.2026-07-03T06:36:47Z2025-04-15T09:28:56ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsurveysgalaxiescatalogsredshiftedvisible-astronomysloan-photometryThe missing satellites problem remains a core issue of the {LAMBDA}CDM model. On small-scale, the number of observed dwarf galaxies is still fewer than the number predicted by existing theories. Therefore, finding fainter dwarf galaxies in deeper images is crucial for refining the existing theoretical framework. In this study, we propose an end-to-end automatic identification scheme for small size and faint dwarf galaxies based on DESI photometric images and provide a batch of dwarf galaxy candidates. We develop a dwarf galaxy automatic detection model, YOLO-DG, based on the YOLOv7 framework, achieving a precision of 88.2% and a recall of 89.1% on the test set. We identify 742251 dwarf galaxy candidates across the entire DESI DR9 footprint using YOLO-DG, with their spectral redshifts concentrated in the range of 0 to 0.1. The faintest dwarf galaxy candidates detected by YOLO-DG have magnitudes of 31.61mag, 27.62mag, and 32.78mag in the g, r, and z bands, respectively. We identify 95230 local volume dwarf galaxy candidates, 33 of which are identified based on spectral redshift. The half-light radius of the smallest local volume dwarf galaxy candidate is 0.31 arcsec. Finally, we provide a complete catalog of local volume dwarf galaxy candidates.2025A&A...696A.130Yhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/696/A130CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/696/A130https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/696/A130http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/696/A130https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/696/A130https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/696/A130http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/696/A130GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/696/A130/catalog1 (Local volume dwarf galaxy candidates identified based on photometric redshift)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true190.476213.77290.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/696/A130/catalog2 (Local volume dwarf galaxy candidates identified based on spectral redshift)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true184.683312.3860.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/696/A130/catalog3 (Targets too faint to be clearly distinguished by the naked eye)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.6519-33.99350.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/696/A130/catalog4 (Targets that were clearly observed to be actual astronomical object through visual inspection but were not identified by DESI)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true119.49528.64050.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/696/A130/catalog5 (All sources detected by YOLO-DG)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/696/A130/catalog5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true5.889e-0513.095806110.0055555555555555561/4-5 8-10 17 27 34-35 2/25 28-29 44-46 73-78 101-103 105-107 123 126 131 133-135 179-180 3/8 10-11 32 97 99 105 108-109 120-121 124-125 188 190 192-193 196-197 208 234-235 238-239 250 260-261 269-271 289-291 316 322 328 341 343 354-355 360 399 403 419 491 510-511 519 523 529-531 639 703 711 724 728 765 767 4/0 2 8 10-11 36 38-39 56 132-134 136-138 384-385 387 393 395 417 419 425 428-429 440-441 443-445 488-490 492-493 504-506 508 756-758 764 781 792-793 796-797 836-838 840-841 930-931 947 950-951 994-995 1004 1006-1007 1024-1025 1028-1029 1031 1052-1053 1055 1071 1075 1155 1268-1270 1272-1274 1280 1282-1283 1294 1316 1318 1320-1322 1361 1369 1397 1399 1410-1411 1414-1415 1432 1434 1444-1445 1448 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31990-31991 32162 32168-32170 32186-32187 32512 32514-32515 32528-32530 32534-32535 32540 32542-32543 32577-32579 32582 32594-32595 32601-32604 32606-32607 33087 33129-33131 33138-33139 33159 33165 33167 33169-33171 33189 33191 33195 33342-33343 33365-33367 33371 33383 33387 33427 33443 33446-33447 33799 33802-33803 33809-33811 38739 38745 38747 38757-38759 38761-38763 38803 38805-38807 38836-38837 38852-38853 38855 38857 38859 38868-38870 38876 38878 38882-38883 38888-38889 38891 38902 38904-38906 38925-38927 38936 38938 38945-38947 38960 38962 38968 38970 39056 39058-39059 39096 39098 39440 39442-39443 39472 39474 39480 39482 39568 39570 39576 39600 39602 40213 40292-40293 40295 40301 40304 40306-40307 40349-40351 40373 40375 40386-40388 40390-40391 40402 40410 40420 40422 40424-40425 40719 40723 40741 40756-40758 40771 40774-40775 40791 40795 40801 40804 40807 40809 40811 40855 40859 40871 40877 40879 44669 44671 44756-44757 44759 44765-44767 44788-44789 44791 44797 44835 44838 44856 44858-44859 44862 44907 44910-44911 44921-44924 44926 44960 44962-44963 44968-44969 44971 45397-45399 45401 45403 45415 45419 45461 45463 45466-45467 45479 45483 45655 45658-45659 45671 45688-45689 45691 45779 45785 45787 45809 45811 46452-46454 46456-46457 46460 46462 46516 46520 46532-46533 46536 46538 46712-46714 46716 46780 46792 46794 46800 46816 46852 46880 47188-47189 47197 47368-47369 47371 47384-47385 47412-47413 47415 47421 47464-47465 47467 47476-47477 47480 47482 47556-47557 47559 48140 48142 48144 48160 48511 48567 48573 48575 48589 48591 48595 48917 48919 48923 48935 48940-48941 48943 49029-49031 49036-49037 49039 49061 49063 49069 49071https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/696/A130?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/696/A130/catalog1Local volume dwarf galaxy candidates identified based on photometric redshiftrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIndexIndexmeta.idintNameUnique name for each candidate based on position, DHHMMSS.ss_DDMMSS.ssmeta.id;meta.maincharreleaseCamera and filter settingsmeta.idintbrickidBrick IDmeta.idintbricknameName of brickmeta.idcharobjidCatalog object number within this brickmeta.idintRAJ2000Right ascension at equinox J2000degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Declination at equinox J2000degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedgmagg-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatrmagr-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatzmag? z-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullablerhlHalf-light radius of galaxy model for galaxy typearcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatzphPhotometric redshiftsrc.redshiftdoubleJ/A+A/696/A130/catalog2Local volume dwarf galaxy candidates identified based on spectral redshiftrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIndexIndexmeta.idintNameUnique name for each candidate based on position, DHHMMSS.ss_DDMMSS.ssmeta.id;meta.maincharreleaseCamera and filter settingsmeta.idintbrickidBrick IDmeta.idintbricknameName of brickmeta.idcharobjidCatalog object number within this brickmeta.idintRAJ2000Right ascension at equinox J2000degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination at equinox J2000degpos.eq.dec;meta.maingmagg-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloatrmagr-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatzmagz-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatrhlHalf-light radius of galaxy model for galaxy typearcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatzSpectral redshiftsrc.redshiftdoubleJ/A+A/696/A130/catalog3Targets too faint to be clearly distinguished by the naked eyerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right ascension at equinox J2000 (1)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination at equinox J2000 (1)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainXWORLDBarycenter position along world x axisdegpos.cartesian.x;instr.detdoubleYWORLDBarycenter position along world y axisdegpos.cartesian.y;instr.detdoublemagAUTOKron-like elliptical aperture magnitudemagphot.magfloatFluxRadRadius enclosing a specified fraction of the fluxpixphys.angSize;srcdoubleJ/A+A/696/A130/catalog4Targets that were clearly observed to be actual astronomical object through visual inspection but were not identified by DESIrunRun numbermeta.id;meta.mainintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right ascension at equinox J2000 (1)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination at equinox J2000 (1)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRASdegRight ascension at equinox J2000 from SDSSdegpos.eq.raDESdegDeclination at equinox J2000 from SDSSdegpos.eq.decrerunRerun numbermeta.id;obsintcamcolCamera columnmeta.id;instrintFieldField numbermeta.id;obs.fieldintobjIdThe object id within a fieldmeta.idintTypeType classification of the objectmeta.code.class;src.classcharumagModel magnitude in u-bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.UfloatgmagModel magnitude in g-bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatrmagModel magnitude in r-bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatimagModel magnitude in i-bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatzmagModel magnitude in z-bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatJ/A+A/696/A130/catalog5All sources detected by YOLO-DGrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right ascension at equinox J2000 (1)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Declination at equinox J2000 (1)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedreleasethe camera and filter set used (1)meta.idintbrickidBrick ID (1)meta.idintbricknameName of brick (1)meta.idcharobjidCatalog object number within this brick (1)meta.idintTypeMorphological model (1)src.morph.type;meta.modelledcharFgModel flux in g, in nanomaggy units (1)3.63uJyphot.flux.density;em.opt.BcharFrModel flux in r, in nanomaggy units (1)3.63uJyphot.flux.density;em.opt.RcharFzModel flux in z, in nanomaggy units (1)3.63uJyphot.flux.density;em.opt.Ichar