J/A+A/695/A228ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/695/A228doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36950228CDSNecker J.Graikou E.Kowalski M.Franckowiak A.Nordin J.Pernice T.,van Velzen S.Veres P.M.2026-08-03T06:54:48Z2025-03-21T10:30:45ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiesinfrared-sourcesredshiftedObservations of transient emission from extreme accretion events onto supermassive black holes can reveal conditions in the center of galaxies and the black hole itself. Most recently, they have been suggested to be emitters of high-energy neutrinos. If it is suddenly rejuvenated accretion or a tidal disruption event (TDE) is not clear in most cases. We expanded on existing samples of infrared flares to compile the largest and most complete list available. A large sample size is necessary to provide high enough statistics for far away and faint objects to estimate their rate. Our catalog is large enough to facilitate a preliminary study of the rate evolution with redshift for the first time. We compiled a sample of 40 million galaxies, and, using a custom, publicly available pipeline, analyzed the WISE light curves for these 40 million objects using the Bayesian Blocks algorithm.We selected promising candidates for dust echos of transient accretion events and inferred the luminosity, extension, and temperature of the hot dust by fitting a blackbody spectrum. We established a clean sample of 823 dust-echo-like infrared flares of which we can estimate the dust properties for 568. After removing 70 objects with possible contribution by synchrotron emission, the luminosity, extension, and temperature are consistent with dust echos. Estimating the dust extension from the light curve shape revealed that the duration of the incident flare is broadly compatible with the duration of TDEs. The resulting rate per galaxy is consistent with the latest measurements of infrared-detected TDEs and appears to decline at increasing redshift. Although systematic uncertainties may impact the calculation of the rate evolution, this catalog will enable further research in phenomena related to dust-echos from TDEs and extreme accretion flares.2025A&A...695A.228Nhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/695/A228CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/695/A228https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/695/A228http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/695/A228https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/695/A228https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/695/A228http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/695/A228GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/695/A228/tablea1 (Catalog of dust-echo-like infrared flares (corrected version, 30-Jun-2026))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A228/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A228/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A228/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true342.95308-20.608080.0055555555555555566/165 190 218 250 292 367 436 475 492 512 528 599 634 701 739 758 795 888 1013 1015 1024 1081 1184 1262 1349 1403 1499-1500 1506 1792 2024 2031 2087 2168 2185 2217 2277 2312 2334 2352 2357-2358 2408 2530 2597 2616 2623 2655 2678 2692 2718 2748 2750 2829 2887 2901 3025 3038 3086 3113 3146 3256 3307 3357 3426 3436 3510 3551 3562 3754 3812 3837 3839 3857 3949 4071 4115 4123 4158-4159 4216 4242 4458 4460 4469 4508 4521 4532 4535 4599 4664 4683 4700 4783 4808 4810 4837 4862 4909 4937-4938 4955 4983 4998 5051 5075 5164 5168 5176 5194 5198 5216 5228 5270 5296 5318 5325 5329 5352 5370 5421 5460 5491 5572 5586 5612 5630 5682 5706 5774 5783 5832 5866 5878 5909 5946 5989 5992 5997 6004 6033 6085 6107 6115-6116 6171 6178 6203 6209 6220 6258 6383 6440 6443 6470 6483 6499 6501 6522 6641 6703 6717 6738 6796 6802 6903 6926 6950 6963 6968 7022 7052 7107 7112 7120 7133 7141 7147 7149 7218 7241 7276 7307 7336 7450 7575 7600 7623 7642 7652 7669 7722 7806 7816 7847 7862 7871 7878 7882 7888 7930 7932 7949 7987 8005 8019 8023 8052 8058 8102 8224 8248 8256 8348 8356 8379 8389 8407 8432 8448 8452 8454 8479 8514 8546 8562 8612-8613 8640 8646 8736 8779 8824 8876 8880 8889 8931 8937 8941 9053-9054 9061 9069-9070 9123 9198 9210 9213 9224 9251 9282 9295 9338 9355 9369 9378 9416 9420 9426 9464 9468 9480 9493 9535 9560 9570 9578 9586 9591 9594 9597 9609 9653-9654 9685 9724 9735 9809 9877 9903 9909 9924 9980 10026 10077 10096 10109 10151 10232 10241 10356 10408 10451 10524 10547 10553 10575 10578 10640 10653 10668 10671 10717 10746 10793 10795 10830 10882 10904 10909 10950 10958 10966 10971 11012 11042 11140 11180 11195 11198 11246 11253 11284 11342 11385 11392 11416 11547 11568 11586 11624 11645 11651 11714 11740 11757 11819 11879 11883 11980 12007 12063 12107 12176 12200 12230 12235 12284 12343 12416 12429 12493 12506 12517 12545 12581 12671 12732 13066 13106 13124 13292 13415 13426 13494 13524 13568 13624 13653 13728 13798 13879 13884 13988 14045 14093 14825 14843 14879 14883 14890 14985 15003 15009 15020 15096 15117 15214 15224 15350 15500 15503 15761 15917 15926 15935 15967 16012 16023 16033 16049 16087 16116 16210 16212 16301 16538 16552 16628 16645 16676 16679 16685 16700 16721 16763 16806 16880 16918 16948 16968 16974 17007 17030 17038 17082 17107 17163 17222 17255 17295 17299 17304 17374 17380 17391 17444 17515 17536 17564 17662 17685 17708 17716 17734 17737 17814 17892 18030 18112 18218 18233 18267 18282 18289 18389 18461 18517 18698 18978 19048 19054 19100 19151 19278 19317 19357 19373 19386 19404 19443 19454 19471 19485 19559 19628 19643 19646 19704 19732 19760-19761 19806 19912 19914-19915 19939 19947 19949 19969 19986 20051 20071 20119 20146 20157 20209 20346 20372 20384 20433 20450 20454 20579 20814 20847 20931 21131 21139 21170 21205 21221 21235 21243 21291 21299 21388 21396 21459 21591 21608 21715 21775 21784 21811 21977 22246 22325 22343 22362 22404 22409 22414 22450 22543 22565 22621 22644 22667 22723 22746 22768 22784 22842 22911 22952 22967 23109 23129 23157 23198 23201 23269 23295 23326 23489 23519-23520 23673 23786 23847 23899 23964 24042 24140 24186 24267 24396 24408 24426 24444 24478 24694 24697 24721 24776 24791 24827 24893 24901 24910 24927 24942 24956 25025 25046 25090 25305 25324 25361 25497 25521 25563 25572 25594 25656-25657 25683 25707 25775 25807 25825 25931 26036 26043 26078 26111 26282 26352 26361 26446 26448 26470 26485 26501 26584 26634 26693 26752 26841 26940 26953 26970 26996 27002 27120 27155 27173 27190 27257 27260 27297 27373 27463 27509 27515 27574 27632 27671 27680 27803 27892 27931 28025 28035 28057 28074 28097 28146 28184 28231 28267 28309 28395 28410 28436 28517 30054 30758 30969 30990 31067 31104 31149 31154 31202 31213 31244 31273 31277 31350 31368 31374 31401 31509 31525 31548 31593 31743 31769 31775 31840 31901 31942 31974 32041 32201 32286 32328 32421 32474 32483 32488 32633 32646 32682 32705 32707 32710 32727 33134 33420 33617 33622 33628 33958 34388 34644 34648 34680 34737 34805 35315 35403 35664 35677 35764 35811 36100 36102 36116 36119 36155 36193 36285 36288 36314 36327 36459 36590 36630 36667 36701 36750 36777 36801 37678 38124 38222 38676 38748 38833 38865 38909 39659 39894 40027 40240-40241 40276 40287 40346 40538 40651 40664 40762 40894 40903 42954 43519 43547 43589 43943 43963 44125 44150 44191 44212 44227 44288 44387 44579 44611 44651 44674 44739-44740 44745 44750 44811 44910 44960 45879 46451 47033 47070 47509 48282 48316 48343 48382 48389 48462 48488 48530 48543 48622 48631 48657 48713 48717 48806 48839 48902 48917 48919 49145https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/695/A228?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/695/A228/tablea1Catalog of dust-echo-like infrared flares (corrected version, 30-Jun-2026)NameHost Namemeta.id;meta.maincharHW1mag? Host W1 magnitude (Vega)phot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullableHW2mag? Host W2 magnitude (Vega)phot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloatnullableFbslW1Measured baseline spectral flux density in W1mJyphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNEWS? Index in the NEWS samplemeta.idintnullablePS1? Object identifier of the host in Pan-STARRSmeta.idnullableAllWISEcntr? Counter of the host in WISE AllSkymeta.idnullableAllWISEDes? Designation of the host in WISE AllSky, WISE JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.smeta.idcharNEDLVSIndex? Index of the host in NED-LVSmeta.idintnullableNEDLVSName? Name of the host in NED-LVSmeta.idcharParentSampIndex in the Flaires parent galaxy samplemeta.codeintz? Redshiftsrc.redshiftdoublenullablee_z? Uncertainty of the redshiftstat.error;src.redshiftdoublenullabler_z? The source where the redshift value was taken frommeta.ref;pos.framecharSDSSdist? Distance to the associated SDSS objectarcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullableSDSSclass? BPT class of the associated SDSS objectsrccharTNSdist? Distance to the associated TNS objectarcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullableTNSobjtype? Type of the associated TNS objectmeta.id.assoc;src.classcharTNSname? Name of the associated TNS objectmeta.idcharTNSdate? Discovery date [MJD] of the associated TNS objecttime.epochdoublenullablemilliqdist? Distance to associated Milliquas objectarcsecpos.angDistancedoublenullablemilliqtype? Broad Type of the associated Milliquas objectmeta.id.assoc;src.classcharMirongNameName of the host in the MIRONG sample, SDSSJHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.smeta.idcharWTPNameName of the object in the WISE Transient Pipeline TDE sample, WTPNNaaaaaameta.idcharRefTimeObserver frame mean peak time in MJDdtime.epochdoublex2W1Chi2 value w.r.t. the median spectral flux density in W1stat.fit.chi2doublenpointsW1[9/21] Number of detections in W1meta.numberintFmedW1Median spectral flux density in W1mJyphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatx2W2Chi2 value w.r.t. the median spectral flux density in W2stat.fit.chi2doublenpointsW2[9/21] Number of Detections in W2meta.numberintFmedW2Median spectral flux density in W2mJyphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_FbslW11 sigma uncertainty on FbslW1mJystat.errorfloatFbslW2Measured baseline spectral flux density in W2mJyphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umfloate_FbslW21 sigma uncertainty on FbslW2mJystat.errorfloatstartW1MJD of the first epoch of the determined excess in W1dtime.epochdoubleendW1MJD of the last epoch of the determined excess in W1dtime.epochdoubleendedW1[0/1] True (1) if the last epoch of the excess in W1 is the last available datapointtime.epochintstartW2MJD of the first epoch of the determined excess in W2dtime.epochdoubleendW2MJD of the last epoch of the determined excess in W2dtime.epochdoubleendedW2[0/1] True (1) if the last epoch of the excess in W2 is the last available datapointtime.epochintstrengthW1Dust Echo strength in W1stat.fit.paramfloatstrengthW2Dust Echo strength in W2stat.fit.paramfloatvarW1Significance of the extraneous variability in W1stat.fit.goodnessfloatvarW2Significance of the extraneous variability in W2stat.fit.goodnessfloatMaxFluxW1Maxium flux density in W1mW.m**-2phot.mag;em.IR.3-4umdoublee_MaxFluxW11 sigma uncertainty on MaxFluxW1mW.m**-2stat.errordoubleMaxFluxW2Maxium flux density in W2mW.m**-2phot.mag;em.IR.4-8umdoublee_MaxFluxW21 sigma uncertainty on MaxFluxW2mW.m**-2stat.errordoubleFluenceW1Integrated flux density in W1mJ.m**-2phot.fluence;em.gamma.harddoublee_FluenceW1Uncertainty on FluenceW1 estimated by performing the integration with +/- e_MaxFluxW1mJ.m**-2stat.errordoubleFluenceW2Integrated flux density in W1mJ.m**-2phot.fluence;em.gamma.harddoublee_FluenceW2Uncertainty on FluenceW2 estimated by performing the integration with +/- e_MaxFluxW2mJ.m**-2stat.errordoubleSepSeparation of flare data from baseline dataarcsecpos.angDistance;src.orbitalfloatPeakLbol? Peak of the bolometric luminosity1e-07Wphys.luminositydoublenullablePeakTime? Rest frame time of the peak of the bolometric luminosity relative to RefTimedtime.epochdoublenullableEbol? Total emitted bolometric energy1e-07Jphys.energydoublenullableFluencebol? Total bolometric fluence as Ebol/4{pi}lumdist^2^mJ.m**-2phot.fluence;em.gamma.harddoublenullableAllWISEAllWISE Designation of the Host, JHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.smeta.idchar