J/A+A/695/A226ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/695/A226doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-nq/lccgCDSTranin H.Blagorodnova N.Karambelkar V.Groot P.J.Bloemen S.,Vreeswijk P.M.Pieterse D.L.A.van Roestel J.2026-07-03T06:36:38Z2025-03-20T08:03:37ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiessupergiant-starshst-photometryAfter the main sequence phase, stars more massive than 2.5M_{sun}_ rapidly evolve through the Hertzsprung gap as yellow giants and supergiants (YSG), before settling into the red giant branch. Identifying YSG in nearby galaxies is crucial for pinpointing progenitors of luminous red novae (LRNe) - astrophysical transients attributed to stellar mergers. In the era of extensive transient surveys like the Vera Rubin Observatory's LSST, this approach offers a new way to predict and select common envelope transients. This study investigates potential progenitors and precursors of LRNe by analysing Hubble Space Telescope (HST) photometry of stellar populations in galaxies within 20Mpc to identify YSG candidates. Additionally, we use ZTF and MeerLICHT/BlackGEM to identify possible precursors, preparing for future observations by the LSST. We compiled a sample of 369 galaxies with HST exposures in the F475W, F555W, F606W, and F814W filters. We identified YSG candidates using MESA stellar evolution tracks and statistical analysis of color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs). Our sample includes 154,494 YSG candidates with masses between 3 and 20M_{sun}_ and is affected by various contaminants, such as foreground stars and extinguished main-sequence stars. After excluding foreground stars using Gaia proper motions, contamination is estimated at 1% from foreground stars and 20% from extinction affecting main-sequence stars. Combining our YSG candidates with time-domain catalogs yielded several interesting candidates. Notably, we identified 12 LRN precursor candidates for which followup is encouraged. We highlight the importance of monitoring future transients that match YSG candidates to avoid missing potential LRNe and other rare transients. LSST will be a game changer in the search for LRN progenitors and precursors, discovering over 300000 new YSG and 100 precursors within 20Mpc.2025A&A...695A.226Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/695/A226CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/ApJ/703/441 : Yellow supergiants in M31 (Drout+, 2009)J/ApJ/750/97 : The yellow and red supergiants of M33 (Drout+, 2012)J/ApJ/825/50 : Variable stars in M31 & M33. III. YSGs & RSGs (Gordon+, 2016)J/AJ/152/62 : Revised LGGS UBVRI photometry of M31 and M33 starshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/695/A226https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/695/A226http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/695/A226https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/695/A226https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/695/A226http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/695/A226GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/695/A226/table3 (List of YSG candidates obtained in this study)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A226/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A226/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A226/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.4660729628941-15.50511085712590.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/695/A226/table4 (List of YSG hosts obtained in this study)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A226/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A226/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A226/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true260.05972857.9212190.0055555555555555566/396 816 2031 2121 2130 2154-2155 2169 2372 2409 2611 2622-2623 2666 2708-2709 2752 2774 3042 3389 3483 3506 3555 3558 3561 3699 3705 3861 4511 4650 4746 5067 5124 5142 5283 5285 5287 5293 5329 5492 5504 5545 5584 5590 5607 5639 5751 5966 5978 6034 6040 6399 6502 6560 6604 6619 6649 6772-6773 6981 7265 7483 7523 7577 7600 7602 7604 7606-7607 7618 7624 7649 7741 7743 7769 7786 7799 7876 7878 7946 7956 8028 8908 10183 10265 10538 10607 10627 10659 10689 10755 10761 10769 10793 10798 10809-10810 10818-10819 10840 10847 10856 10881 10888 10898 10901 10905 10908 10911-10912 10927 10930 10935 10941 10970 10976-10977 10979-10980 10982 10999 11006 11019 11026-11027 11030 11041 11043 11045 11084 11092 11120 11127 11140 11142 11227 11270 11375 11432 11434 11444 11448 11639 11681 11696 11933 11944 11961 12199 12641 13461 13511 13667 13672 14149 15592-15593 16076 16414 16441 16459 16519 16544 16580 16595 16605 16655 16664 16666 16695 16697 16701 16779 17165 17229 17759 18002 18041 18398 19697 19779 19990 20262 20510 20532 20769 21027 21089 21584 22298 22427 22495 24437 24912 24952 25077 25083 25135 25344 26234 26260 26265 26294 26336 26338 26814 26858 27055 27351 27383 27512 27514-27515 27568 27580 27604 27643 27728 27731 27738 27764-27765 27773 27828 27857 27861 27865 27904 27926 27937 27939 27942 27945 28015 28033-28035 28045 28087 28141 28149 28167 28291 28294 28361 28486 28496 28510 28517 28535 28631 28636-28637 28666 29699 29716 29718 33193 33228 33570-33571 33655-33656 33685 33795 33958 33984 33986 34326 34343 34382 34401 34403-34404 34471 34540 34694 35206 35214 35243 35482 35512 35514 35536 35538 35928 35969 36261 36900 36974 37437 38259 38329 38390 38639 38673 38821 38841 38843 38846 38941 38946 38985 39043 39100 39201 40124 40160 40328 41122 41432 41946 41949 41987 43222 43231 43233 43236 43245 43258 43262 43325 43333 43420 43426-43427 43430 43499 43602 43605 43706 43727 43763 43797 43809 43812 43845 43874 43878 43881 43883-43884 43925 43972 45305 45423 45674 45732 45745 45748 45777 45912 45914 46314 46339 46460 46491 46544-46545 46549 46597 46660 46947 46999 48942-489432.0401237512456292e-19 4.2441532724171825e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/695/A226?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/695/A226/table3List of YSG candidates obtained in this studyrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDInternal identifier of YSG candidatemeta.id;meta.mainintGalaxySimbad name of the hostmeta.id.parentcharRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedF475W? F475W observed magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.BdoublenullableF555W? F555W observed magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VdoublenullableF606W? F606W observed magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.RdoublenullableF814W? F814W observed magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.IdoublenullableMstar? MIST-interpolated stellar masssolMassphys.massdoublenullablelogTeff? MIST-interpolated log temperaturelog(K)phys.temperaturedoublenullablelogL? MIST-interpolated log luminositylog(solLum)phys.luminositydoublenullablePextinProbability to be extinguished MS starstat.fit.goodnessdoubleCIavgAverage concentration index between bandsmeta.code;spect.index;stat.meandoubleXsep? Separation to nearest Chandra sourcepos.angDistancedoublenullableGaiastarIs a high proper-motion Gaia starmeta.codecharSTypeSimbad main typesrc.classcharScontamIs a contaminant according to Simbad typemeta.codecharJ/A+A/695/A226/table4List of YSG hosts obtained in this studySimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGalaxySimbad name of the hostmeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainR1Semi-major axis of D25 ellipse of the hostarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisdoubleR2Semi-minor axis of D25 ellipse of the hostarcsecphys.angSize;srcdoublePAPosition angle of D25 ellipse of the hostdegpos.posAngdoubleDistLuminosity distance of the hostMpcpos.distancedoublecovHSTFraction imaged by HSTstat.fit.paramdoubledatabaseData provenance of HST sourcesmeta.id;meta.datasetcharCamFilterCamera and filter of HST observations usedmeta.id;instrcharNsourcesNumber of HST sources in host areameta.numberintMstarrefReference stellar mass for CMD analysissolMassphys.masscharAVHost extinction used for CMD analysismagphys.absorptiondouble[Fe/H]Metallicity used for CMD analysisphys.abund.Z;instr.setupdoublepctGMDensity cut percentile level of Gaussian Mixture along Hertzsprung gap MIST trackstat.fit.paramfloatNcandNumber of YSG candidatesmeta.numberintfextinFraction of selected extinguished MS starsmeta.numberdoubleftrilegal? Milky Way stars fraction before cleaningmeta.numberdoublenullable