J/A+A/695/A210ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/695/A210doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36950210CDSGreen M.J.Ziv Y.Rix H.-W.Maoz D.Hamoudy I.Mazeh T.Faigler S.,Lam M.C.El-Badry K.Hume G.Munday J.Yarker P.2025-05-21T20:02:37Z2025-03-19T07:41:34ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsg-starsblack-holesorbitsradial-velocityStellar-mass black holes descend from high-mass stars, most of which had stellar binary companions. However, the number of those binary systems that survive the binary evolution and black hole formation is uncertain by multiple orders of magnitude. The survival rate is particularly uncertain for massive stars with low-mass companions, which are thought to be the progenitors of most black hole X-ray binaries. We present a search for close black hole companions (orbital period <~3 days, equivalent to separation <~20R_{sun}_) to AFGK-type stars in TESS, i.e. the non-accreting counterparts to and progenitors of low-mass X-ray binaries. Such black holes can be detected by the tidally induced ellipsoidal deformation of the visible star, and the ensuing photometric light-curve variations. From an initial sample of 4.7x10^6^ TESS stars, we have selected 457 candidates for such variations. However, spectroscopic followup of 251 of them shows that none are consistent with a close black hole companion. On the basis of this non-detection, we determine (2{sigma} confidence) that fewer than one in 10^5^ Solar-type stars in the Solar neighbourhood host a short-period black hole companion. This upper limit is in tension with a number of "optimistic" population models in the literature that predict short-period black hole companions around one in ~10^4-5^ stars. Our limits are still consistent with other models that predict only a few in ~10^7-8^.2025A&A...695A.210Ghttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/695/A210CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIV/39 : TESS Input Catalog version 8.2 (TIC v8.2) (Paegert+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/695/A210https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/695/A210http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/695/A210https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/695/A210https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/695/A210http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/695/A210GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/695/A210/table3 (Results (K-amplitude and implied companion mass limit) for all candidate binaries containing black hole followed up in this paper)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A210/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A210/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/695/A210/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true78.922238331.05632360.0055555555555555566/192 1280 1287 1302 1377 1434 1468 1476 1511 1529 1623 1766 1775 1783 1793 1819 1909 1931 1995 2035 2049 2073 2154 2172 2405 2498 2529 2542-2543 2720 2777 2816 2902 2914 2923 3006 3056 3127 3231 3258 3260 3458 3594 3598 3601 3650 3726 3758 3791 3815 3817 3821 3833 3991 4026 4045 4073 4227 4911 4954 5946 6045 6378 6384 6440 6748 6905 6914 6932 7281 7714 7789 7803 7812 7859 7865 7926 8021 8055 8132 9494 9948 10405 10442 10759 11523 11617 11729 12107 12184 12250 12272 12798 12927 13031 13076 13100 13186 13238 13249 13290 13293 13298 13618 13630 13816 13880 13929 13947 13999 14001 14011 14015 14053 14083 14103 14107 14141-14142 14181 14201 14213 14219 14228 14274 14280 14312 14442 14537 14552 14612 14621 14635 14657 14733 14749 14768 14775 14796 14798 14842 14854 14988 15140 15203 15316-15317 15333 15391 15493 15498 15520 15550 15718 15733 15745 15914 15972 15977 16014 16069 16127 16137 16205 16294 16307 16309 16952 17568 17809 20350-20351 20764 20767 20782 20784 20802 20872 20883 20892 20941 20946 20963-20964 21000 21045 21097 21205 21238 21281 21420 21526 21544 21618 21687 21698 21706 21774 21970 22044 22079 22082 22130 22135 22283 22296 22302 22306 22309 22331 22445 22528 22723 22905 22935 23638 23771 25006 25026 26516 26772 27147 27843 27961 27971 28549 32043 32247 32299 32364 32551 32757 32789 32860 32989 33409 33976 34270 34354 34433 35133 35927 36063 36238 36969 36988 37301 37377 37439 37450 37460 37472 37513 37561 37586 37659 37877 37907 38026 38161 38164 38400 38421 38705 38708 39031 39070 39100 39451 39610 39647 39679 39813 39835 39858 39870 40355 40396 40452 40547 40594-40595 40609 41158 41195 41204 41277 41550 41612 41709 41989 42054 42062 42097 42130 42505 42557 42702 42708 43050-43051 43174 43192 43251 43277 43532 43554 43563 43676 43698 43775 44185 45172 45679 46273 46614 47187 47259 47361 47672 48137https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/695/A210?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/695/A210/table3Results (K-amplitude and implied companion mass limit) for all candidate binaries containing black hole followed up in this paperrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintVCShow the Radial Velocity curvesmeta.ref.urlcharTICID number of the target in TESS input catalogmeta.id;meta.mainlongTelTelescope was used for the observations (1)instr.setupcharNepochsNumber of epochs of observationmeta.numberintPorb? Orbital perioddtime.perioddoublenullablee_Porb? Orbital period uncertaintydstat.errordoublenullableKOrbital velocity semi-amplitudekm/sphys.veloc.orbitaldoublee_K? Orbital velocity semi-amplitude uncertaintykm/sstat.errordoublenullableMinM2? Spectroscopic lower limit on companion masssolMassphys.massdoublenullablee_MinM2? Spectroscopic lower limit on companion mass uncertaintysolMassstat.errordoublenullableMinq? Spectroscopic lower limit on mass ratiophys.mass;arith.ratiodoublenullablee_Minq? Spectroscopic lower limit on mass ratio uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableSB2?[0/1] True if the target spectra showed two spectral componentsmeta.codeint_RAPositions from TIC (Cat. IV/39) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from TIC (Cat. IV/39) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/695/A210/table4Radial velocities measured from individual exposures on the targets listed in Table 3recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTICID number of the target in the TESS input catalogmeta.id;meta.mainlongTel[INT NTT] Telescope used for the observationsinstr.setupcharBJDBarycentric Julian Date of the mid-exposure time (in Barycentric Dynamic Time)dtime.epochdoubleRVMeasured radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVMeasured radial velocity uncertaintykm/sstat.errordouble