J/A+A/694/A250ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/694/A250doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36940250CDSCarretero-Castrillo M.Benaglia P.Paredes J.M.Ribo M.2025-05-21T20:01:53Z2025-02-18T09:44:29ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxybe-starshigh-velocity-starsproper-motionsinfrared-sourcesRunaway stars with peculiar high velocities can generate stellar bow shocks. Only a few bow shocks show clear radio emission. Our goal is to identify and characterize new stellar bow shocks around O and Be runaway stars in the infrared (IR), as well as to study their possible radio emission and nature. Our input data is a catalog of O and Be runaways compiled using Gaia DR3. We used WISE IR images to search for bow shock structures around these runaways, Gaia DR3 data to determine the actual motion of the runaway stars corrected for interstellar medium (ISM) motion caused by Galactic rotation, and archival radio data to search for emission signatures. We finally explored the radio detectability of these sources under thermal and nonthermal scenarios. We found nine new stellar bow shock candidates, three new bubble candidates, and one intermediate structure candidate. One of them is an in situ bow shock candidate. We also found 17 already known bow shocks in our sample, though we discarded one, and 62 miscellaneous sources showing some IR emission around the runaways. We geometrically characterized the sources in IR using the WISE-4 band and estimated the ISM density at the bow shock positions, obtaining median values of ~6 and ~4cm^-3^ using 2D and 3D peculiar velocities, respectively. Most of the new discovered bow shocks come from new runaway discoveries. Within our samples we found that ~24% of the O-type runaway stars show bow shocks, while this decreases to ~3% for Be-type runaway stars. Two bow shocks present radio emission but not as clear counterparts, and two others show hints of radio emission. The physical scenarios indicate that two sources could still be compatible with nonthermal radio emission. The new sample of O and Be runaway stars allowed us to discover both new stellar bow shocks and bubbles. Their geometrical characterization can be used to assess the physical scenario of the radio emission. Deeper radio observations are needed to unveil a population of radio-detected bow shocks, and the physical scenarios occurring in these sources.2025A&A...694A.250Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/694/A250CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/A+A/679/A109 : GaiaDR3 Galactic runaway O, Be starshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/694/A250https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/694/A250http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/694/A250https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/694/A250https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/694/A250http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/694/A250GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/694/A250/table1 (Data of O runaway stars including corrected proper motions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true276.56276667-14.848438890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/694/A250/table2 (Data of Be runaway stars including corrected proper motions)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true134.20102083-30.183841670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/694/A250/table4 (Data of new stellar bow shocks and bubbles)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true92.232594215.70505330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/694/A250/table5 (Data of some known stellar bow shocks and bubbles)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A250/table5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true98.59820532.53415110.0055555555555555566/267 1355 1781 2575 2937 3037 3051 3058 3160 3214 3231 3245 3249 3256 3315 3585 3600 3622 3632 3660-3661 3683 3716 3724 7291 8804 9475 12415 12827 12943 12981 13000 13142 13234 13255 13281 13934 13999 14214 14236-14237 14283 14311 14359 14456-14457 14560 14598 14605 14621 14632-14633 14643-14644 14646 14654 14658 14676 14697 14706 14712 14740-14741 14743 14745 14793 15367 16207 20877 21511 21557 21564 21655 22240 22258 23374 23774 23962 24179 24390 28916 29084 29098 29158 29162 29219 29408 29467 29489 29513 29517 29534 29537 29600 30094 30216 30227 30242 31056 31058 32546 34878 36009 36282 37212 37248 37263 37333-37334 37339-37340 37343 37641 37723 37750 37833 37870 37926 37931 37946 37948 38020 38026 38074 38236 38538 38728 38831 39238 39248 39410 39558 39804 39937 39971 40085 41103 41274 41359 41521 41610 41685 41702 41707 41715 41758 41787 41903 41936 42015 42186 42195 42263 42287 42303 42314 42390 42444 42464 42481 42764 43041 43140 43144 43333 43637 47009 47266 477041.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/694/A250?format=asciiInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/694/A250/table1Data of O runaway stars including corrected proper motionsGaiaDR3Gaia DR3 source identifiermeta.idDE_ICRSGaia DR3 Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0pos.eq.dec;meta.mainDistDistance from the Sun (2)kpcpos.distancefloat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountpos.eq.decindexedRunawayRunaway star identifier (1)meta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRA_ICRSGaia DR3 Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0pos.eq.ra;meta.maine_DistStandard error of distance from the Sun (2)kpcstat.errorfloatpmRAcosDEcProper motion in right ascension direction corrected for the ISM motion caused by Galactic rotationmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloate_pmRAcosDEcStandard error of proper motion in right ascension direction corrected for the ISM motion caused by Galactic rotationmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDEcProper motion in declination direction corrected for the ISM motion caused by Galactic rotationmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloate_pmDEcStandard error of proper motion in declination direction corrected for the ISM motion caused by Galactic rotationmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatGmagG-band mean magnitude from Gaia DR3magphot.mag;em.optfloatVpec2DPeculiar 2-dimensional (2D) velocity (2)km/sphys.velocfloate_Vpec2DStandard error of peculiar 2D velocity (2)km/sstat.errorfloatENormalized significance of the runaway nature of the star (2)stat.fit.goodnessfloatSpTypeSpectral Type from the GOSC catalogsrc.spTypecharNameMost common name of the star from the GOSC (table 1) or BeSS (table 2) catalogsmeta.id;meta.maincharRefRunRunaway reference in case the star had already been reported as runaway (3)meta.bibcharRefBowBow shock reference in case the star had already been reported as a stellar bow shock (3)meta.bibcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/A+A/694/A250/table2Data of Be runaway stars including corrected proper motionsGaiaDR3Gaia DR3 source identifiermeta.id_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountpos.eq.decindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRA_ICRSGaia DR3 Right ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSGaia DR3 Declination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0pos.eq.dec;meta.mainDistDistance from the Sun (2)kpcpos.distancefloate_DistStandard error of distance from the Sun (2)kpcstat.errorfloatpmRAcosDEcProper motion in right ascension direction corrected for the ISM motion caused by Galactic rotationmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloate_pmRAcosDEcStandard error of proper motion in right ascension direction corrected for the ISM motion caused by Galactic rotationmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDEcProper motion in declination direction corrected for the ISM motion caused by Galactic rotationmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloate_pmDEcStandard error of proper motion in declination direction corrected for the ISM motion caused by Galactic rotationmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatGmagG-band mean magnitude from Gaia DR3magphot.mag;em.optfloatVpec2DPeculiar 2-dimensional (2D) velocity (2)km/sphys.velocfloate_Vpec2DStandard error of peculiar 2D velocity (2)km/sstat.errorfloatENormalized significance of the runaway nature of the star (2)stat.fit.goodnessfloatRunawayRunaway star identifier (1)meta.idcharNameMost common name of the star from the GOSC (table 1) or BeSS (table 2) catalogsmeta.id;meta.maincharSpTypeSpectral Type from the GOSC catalogsrc.spTypecharRefRunRunaway reference in case the star had already been reported as runaway (3)meta.bibcharRefBowBow shock reference in case the star had already been reported as a stellar bow shock (3)meta.bibcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/A+A/694/A250/table4Data of new stellar bow shocks and bubblesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameMost common name of the star from the GOSC catalog or BeSS databasemeta.id;meta.maincharSpTypeSpectral Typesrc.spTypechardM/dt? Mass-loss rates interpolated from Vink & Sander (2021MNRAS.504.2051V)solMass/yrphys.mass.lossfloatnullablevterm? Wind terminal velocities obtained from Vink & Sander (2021MNRAS.504.2051V)km/sphys.veloc;stat.maxintnullableRV? Radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullabler_RVRadial velocity reference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharVpec2DPeculiar 2D velocity computed in Carretero-Castrillo et al., 2023A&A...679A.109C, Cat. J/A+A/679/A109phys.velocfloatVpec3D? Peculiar 3-dimensional (3D) velocity computed in this workphys.velocfloatnullableRarcsec? Projected standoff-distancearcsecpos.distanceintnullableRpc? Projected standoff-distancepcpos.distancefloatnullablelarcsec? Projected lengtharcsecsrc.morph.scLengthintnullablelpc? Projected lengthpcsrc.morph.scLengthfloatnullablewarcsecProjected widtharcsecphys.size.diameterintwpcProjected widthpcphys.size.diameterfloate? Eccentricity of the ellipse used to measure the bow shocksrc.orbital.eccentricityfloatnullablenISM2D? ISM densities around the bow shock position computed using Vpec2Dcm**-3phys.columnDensityfloatnullablenISM3D? ISM densities around the bow shock position computed using Vpec3Dcm**-3phys.columnDensityfloatnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainBS/BUBow shock (BS) or bubble (BU) identifiermeta.idcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/A+A/694/A250/table5Data of some known stellar bow shocks and bubblesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameMost common name of the star from the GOSC catalog or BeSS databasemeta.id;meta.mainchardM/dt? Mass-loss rates interpolated from Vink & Sander (2021MNRAS.504.2051V)solMass/yrphys.mass.lossfloatnullablevterm? Wind terminal velocities obtained from Vink & Sander (2021MNRAS.504.2051V)km/sphys.veloc;stat.maxintnullableRV? Radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullableVpec2DPeculiar 2D velocity computed in Carretero-Castrillo et al., 2023A&A...679A.109C, Cat. J/A+A/679/A109phys.velocfloatVpec3D? Peculiar 3-dimensional (3D) velocity computed in this workphys.velocfloatnullableRarcsec? Projected standoff-distancearcsecpos.distanceintnullableRpc? Projected standoff-distancepcpos.distancefloatnullablelarcsec? Projected lengtharcsecsrc.morph.scLengthintnullablelpc? Projected lengthpcsrc.morph.scLengthfloatnullablewarcsecProjected widtharcsecphys.size.diameterintwpcProjected widthpcphys.size.diameterfloate? Eccentricity of the ellipse used to measure the bow shocksrc.orbital.eccentricityfloatnullablenISM2D? ISM densities around the bow shock position computed using Vpec2Dcm**-3phys.columnDensityfloatnullablenISM3D? ISM densities around the bow shock position computed using Vpec3Dcm**-3phys.columnDensityfloatnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSpTypeSpectral Typesrc.spTypecharr_RVRadial velocity reference (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharBS/BUBow shock (BS) or bubble (BU) identifiermeta.idcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable