J/A+A/694/A100ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/694/A100doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36940100CDSVitte E.Verhamme A.Hibon P.Leclercq F.Alcalde Pampliega B.,Kerutt J.Kusakabe H.Matthee J.Guo Y.Bacon R.Maseda M.,Richard J.Pharo J.Schaye J.Boogaard L.Nanayakkara T.Contini T.2025-05-21T20:01:15Z2025-02-10T07:59:44ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiescatalogsredshiftedspectroscopyThe hydrogen Lyman-alpha (Ly{alpha}) line, the brightest rest-frame ultraviolet line of high-redshift galaxies, exhibits a large variety of shapes, which is due to factors at different scales, from the interstellar medium to the intergalactic medium (IGM). The aim of this work is to provide a systematic inventory and classification of the spectral shapes of Ly{alpha} emission lines to better understand the general population of high-redshift Lya emitting galaxies (LAEs). Using the unprecedentedly deep data from the MUSE eXtremely Deep Field (MXDF; up to 140 hour exposure time), we selected 477 galaxies observed in the ~2.8-6.6 redshift range, 15 of which have a systemic redshift from nebular lines. We developed a method to classify Ly{alpha} emission lines in four spectral and three spatial categories by combining a pure spectral analysis with a narrow-band image analysis. We measured spectral properties, such as the peak separation and the blue-to-total flux ratio for the double-peaked galaxies. To ensure a robust sample for statistical analysis, we define two unbiased subsets, inclusive and restrictive, by applying thresholds for signal-to-noise ratio, peak separation, and Ly{alpha} luminosity, yielding a final unbiased sample of 206 galaxies. Our analysis reveals that between 32% and 51% of the galaxies exhibit double-peaked profiles, with peak separations ranging from 150km/s to nearly 1600km/s. The fraction of separations ranging from 150km/s to nearly 1600km/s. The fraction of double-peaked galaxies seems to evolve dependently with the Ly{alpha} luminosity, while we do not see a severe decrease in this fraction with redshift, which is expected given the IGM attenuation at high redshift. An artificial increase in the number of double-peaked galaxies at the highest redshifts may cause the observation of a plateau instead of a decrease. A notable number of these double-peaked profiles show blue-dominated spectra, suggesting unique gas dynamics and inflow characteristics in some high-redshift galaxies. The consequent fraction of blue-dominated spectra needs to be confirmed by obtaining new systemic redshift measurements. Among the double-peaked galaxies, 4% are spurious detections, that is, the blue and red peaks do not come from the same spatial location. Around 20% out of the 477 sources of the parent sample lie in a complex environment, meaning there are other clumps or galaxies at the same redshift within a distance of 30kpc. Our results suggest that the double-peaked LAE fraction may trace the evolution of IGM attenuation, but the faintest galaxies must be observed at high redshift. We also need more data to confirm the trend seen at low redshift. In addition, it is crucial to obtain secure systemic redshifts for LAEs to better constrain the nature of the Ly{alpha} double-peaked lines. Statistical samples of double-peaked and triple-peaked galaxies are a promising probe of the evolution of the physical properties of galaxies across cosmic time.2025A&A...694A.100Vhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/694/A100CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/670/A4 : MUSE Hubble Ultra Deep Field surveys. DR2 (Bacon+, 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/694/A100https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/694/A100http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/694/A100https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/694/A100https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/694/A100http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/694/A100GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/694/A100/tablec1 (Single-peaked LAEs catalogue)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A100/tablec1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A100/tablec1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A100/tablec1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true53.1557006835938-27.7870635986328020.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/694/A100/tablec2 (Double-peaked LAEs catalogue)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A100/tablec2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A100/tablec2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A100/tablec2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true53.171199798584006-27.7784538269043040.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/694/A100/tablec3 (Triple-peaked LAEs catalogue)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A100/tablec3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A100/tablec3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/694/A100/tablec3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true53.1581145-27.7863715099999950.0055555555555555566/35935https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/694/A100?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/694/A100/tablec1Single-peaked LAEs catalogueIDMUSE identification number (G1)meta.id;meta.mainintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintzspecSpectroscopic redshift (G1)src.redshiftdoubleRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNpeaksNumber of spectral peaks of the Ly{alpha} line (G2)meta.numberintCat[BGS] Spatial category (G3)meta.codecharCIDPair or triplet corresponding ID (G4)meta.idcharFLyaTotal flux Ly{alpha} line1e-23W.m**-2phot.fluxdoublee_FLyaTotal flux Ly{alpha} line error1e-23W.m**-2stat.errordoubleLLyaLya luminosity1e-07Wphys.luminositydoublee_LLyaLya luminosity error1e-07Wstat.errordoubleSNRSignal-to-noise ratiostat.snrdoubleFWHMFWHM of Lya peakkm/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHMFWHM of Lya peak errorkm/sstat.error;phys.angSizedoubleJ/A+A/694/A100/tablec2Double-peaked LAEs catalogueSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDMUSE identification number (G1)meta.id;meta.mainintzspecSpectroscopic redshift (G1)src.redshiftdoubleRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNpeaksNumber of spectral peaks of the Ly{alpha} line (G2)meta.numberintCat[BGS] Spatial category (G3)meta.codecharCIDPair or triplet corresponding ID (G4)meta.idcharFLyaTotal flux Ly{alpha} line1e-23W.m**-2phot.fluxdoublee_FLyaTotal flux Ly{alpha} line error1e-23W.m**-2stat.errordoubleLLyaLy{alpha} luminosity1e-07Wphys.luminositydoublee_LLyaLy{alpha} luminosity error1e-07Wstat.errordoubleSNRSignal-to-noise ratiostat.snrdoubleFWHM1FWHM of peak 1 (left peak)km/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHM1FWHM of peak 1 errorkm/sstat.errordoubleFWHM2FWHM of peak 2 (right peak)km/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHM2FWHM of peak 2 errorkm/sstat.errordoubleBTBlue-to-total flux ratiophot.flux;arith.ratiodoublee_BTBlue-to-total flux ratio errorstat.errordoublevsepPeak separationkm/sphys.veloc;arith.diffdoublee_vsepPeak separation errorkm/sstat.errordoubleJ/A+A/694/A100/tablec3Triple-peaked LAEs catalogueSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDMUSE identification number (G1)meta.id;meta.mainintzspecSpectroscopic redshift (G1)src.redshiftdoubleRAJ2000Right Ascension J2000degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination J2000degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNpeaksNumber of spectral peaks of the Ly{alpha} line (G2)meta.numberintCat[BGS] Spatial category (G3)meta.codecharCID[0] Corresponding ID (G4)meta.idcharFLyaTotal flux Ly{alpha} line1e-23W.m**-2phot.fluxdoublee_FLyaTotal flux Ly{alpha} line error1e-23W.m**-2stat.errordoubleLLyaLy{alpha} luminosity1e-07Wphys.luminositydoublee_LLyaLy{alpha} luminosity error1e-07Wstat.errordoubleSNRSignal-to-noise ratiostat.snrdoubleFWHM1FWHM of peak 1 (left peak)km/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHM1FWHM of peak 1 errorkm/sstat.errordoubleFWHM2FWHM of peak 2 (middle peak)km/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHM2FWHM of peak 2 errorkm/sstat.errordoubleFWHM3FWHM of peak 3 (right peak)km/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHM3FWHM of peak 3 errorkm/sstat.errordouble