J/A+A/692/A65ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/692/A65doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36920065CDSTaniguchi K.Gorai P.Tan C.J.Gomez-Garrido M.Fedriani R.,Yang Y.-L.Sridharan T.K.Tanaka E.I.K.Saito M.Zhang Y.Morgan L.,Cosentino G.Law C.-Y.2025-02-26T20:02:57Z2024-12-03T09:14:56ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frprotostarsradio-astronomyradial-velocitychemical-abundancesEvidence for similar chemical characteristics around low- and high-mass protostars has been found: in particular, a variety of carbon-chain species and complex organic molecules (COMs) are formed around them. On the other hand, the chemical compositions around intermediate-mass (IM) protostars (2M_{sun}_<m*<8M_{sun}_) protostars have not been studied with large samples. In particular, it is unclear the extent to which carbon-chain species are formed around them. We aim to obtain the chemical compositions, particularly focusing on carbon-chain species, towards a sample of IM protostars. Another purpose is deriving the rotational temperatures of HC5N to confirm whether carbon-chain species are formed in the warm gas around these stars. We have conducted Q-band (31.5-50GHz) line survey observations towards eleven mainly intermediate-mass protostars with the Yebes 40m radio telescope. The target protostars were selected from a sub-sample of the source list of the SOFIA Massive (SOMA) Star Formation project. Assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE), we have derived column densities of the detected molecules and rotational temperatures of HC_5_N and CH_3_OH. Nine carbon-chain species (HC_3_N, HC_5_N, C_3_H, C_4_H, linear-H_2_CCC, cyclic-C_3_H_2_, CCS, C_3_S, and CH__3CCH), three COMs (CH_3_OH, CH_3_CHO, and CH_3_CN), H_2_CCO, HNCO, and four simple sulfur (S)-bearing species (^13^CS, C^34^S, HCS+, H_2_CS) have been detected. The rotational temperatures of HC_5_N are derived to be ~20-30K in three IM protostars (Cepheus E, HH288, and IRAS 20293+3952). The rotational temperatures of CH_3_OH are derived in five IM sources and found to be similar to those of HC_5_N. The rotational temperatures of HC_5_N around the three IM protostars are very similar compared to those around low- and high-mass protostars. These results indicate that carbon-chain molecules are formed in lukewarm (~20-30K) gas around the IM protostars by the Warm Carbon-Chain Chemistry (WCCC) process. Thus, carbon-chain formation occurs ubiquitously in the warm gas around protostars across a wide range of stellar masses. Carbon-chain molecules and COMs coexist around most of the target IM protostars, which is similar to the situation in low- and high-mass protostars. In summary, the chemical characteristics around protostars are common in the low-, intermediate- and high-mass regimes.2024A&A...692A..65Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/692/A65CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/692/A65https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/692/A65http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/692/A65https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/692/A65https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/692/A65http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/692/A65GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/692/A65/sources (List of studied sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A65/sources?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A65/sources?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A65/sources?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true345.80666761.7120830.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/692/A65/list (List of fits spectra)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A65/list?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A65/list?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A65/list?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true345.8066761.712080.005555555555555556Associated datahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/assocdata/?obs_collection=J/A+A/692/A656/2973 2996 3744 14299 14315 14689 14693 15430 15671 15676 24177https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/692/A65?format=asciiRadiodefaultJ/A+A/692/A65/sourcesList of studied sourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameSource namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSNameShort name used in tables A2 and A3meta.idcharNDisplay the column densities from table A2meta.ref.urlcharFWHM+VlsrDisplay the FWHM and Vlsr from table A3meta.ref.urlcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/A+A/692/A65/tablea2Summary of column densitiese_NCepE? Cepheus E column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullablen_NCepE[a] Note on NCepE (1)meta.notecharn_NHH288[a] Note on NHH288 (1)meta.notecharSpeciesSpeciesmeta.noten_SpeciesNote on Species (G1)meta.notecharl_NCepELimit flag on NCepEmeta.code.errorcharNCepE? Cepheus E column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullableNI00420? IRAS 00420+5530 column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NI00420? IRAS 00420+5530 column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullableNI20343? IRAS 20343+4129 S1 column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NI20343? IRAS 20343+4129 S1 column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullablel_NI00259Limit flag on NI00259meta.code.errorcharNI00259? IRAS 00259+5625 column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NI00259? IRAS 00259+5625 column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullableNI05380? IRAS 05380+2020 column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NI05380? IRAS 05380+2020 column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullableNI20293? IRAS 20293+3952 column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NI20293? IRAS 20293+3952 column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullablen_NI20293[b] Note on NI20293 (1)meta.notecharNI21307? IRAS 21307+5049 column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NI21307? IRAS 21307+5049 column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullableNI22198? IRAS 22198+6336 column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NI22198? IRAS 22198+6336 column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullableNI23385? IRAS 23385+6053 column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NI23385? IRAS 23385+6053 column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullablen_NI23385[b] Note on NI23385 (1)meta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNL1206? L1206 column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NL1206? L1206 column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullablen_NL1206[a] Note on NL1206meta.notecharNHH288? HH288 column density of Speciescm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NHH288? HH288 column density of Species errorcm**-2stat.errordoublenullableJ/A+A/692/A65/tablea3Summary of line widths and centroid velocityFWHMI00420? IRAS 00420+5530 FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSpeciesSpeciesmeta.noten_SpeciesNote on Species (G1)meta.notecharFWHMCepE? Cepheus E FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_FWHMCepE? Cepheus E FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVlsrCepE? Cepheus E LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrCepE? Cepheus E LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableFWHML1206? L1206 FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_FWHML1206? L1206 FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVlsrL1206? L1206 LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrL1206? L1206 LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableFWHMHH288? HH288 FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_FWHMHH288? HH288 FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVlsrHH288? HH288 LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrHH288? HH288 LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullablee_FWHMI00420? IRAS 00420+5530 FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVlsrI00420? IRAS 00420+5530 LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrI00420? IRAS 00420+5530 LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableFWHMI20343? IRAS 20343+4129 S1 FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_FWHMI20343? IRAS 20343+4129 S1 FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVlsrI20343? IRAS 20343+4129 S1 LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrI20343? IRAS 20343+4129 S1 LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableFWHMI00259? IRAS 00259+5625 FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_FWHMI00259? IRAS 00259+5625 FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVlsrI00259? IRAS 00259+5625 LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrI00259? IRAS 00259+5625 LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableFWHMI05380? IRAS 05380+2020 FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_FWHMI05380? IRAS 05380+2020 FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVlsrI05380? IRAS 05380+2020 LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrI05380? IRAS 05380+2020 LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableFWHMI20293? IRAS 20293+3952 FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_FWHMI20293? IRAS 20293+3952 FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullablen_FWHMI20293[a] Note on FWHMI20293 (1)meta.notecharVlsrI20293? IRAS 20293+3952 LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrI20293? IRAS 20293+3952 LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullablen_VlsrI20293[a] note on VlsrI20293 (1)meta.notecharFWHMI21307? IRAS 21307+5049 FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_FWHMI21307? IRAS 21307+5049 FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVlsrI21307? IRAS 21307+5049 LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrI21307? IRAS 21307+5049 LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableFWHMI22198? IRAS 22198+6336 FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_FWHMI22198? IRAS 22198+6336 FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVlsrI22198? IRAS 22198+6336 LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrI22198? IRAS 22198+6336 LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableFWHMI23385? IRAS 23385+6053 FWHM of Specieskm/sspect.line.widthfloatnullablee_FWHMI23385? IRAS 23385+6053 FWHM of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullablen_FWHMI23385[a] note on FWHMI23385meta.notecharVlsrI23385? IRAS 23385+6053 LSR velocity of Specieskm/sphys.veloc;pos.lsrfloatnullablee_VlsrI23385? IRAS 23385+6053 LSR velocity of Species standard deviation errorkm/sstat.errorfloatnullablen_VlsrI23385[a] Note on VlsrI23385meta.notecharJ/A+A/692/A65/listList of fits spectraTitleTitle of the FITS filemeta.title;meta.fitscharDEJ2000Declination of center (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNxNumber of pixels along X-axismeta.numberintObs.dateObservation datestime.epoch;obsnullablebFreqLower value of frequency intervalGHzem.freq;stat.mindoubleBFreqUpper value of frequency intervalGHzem.freq;stat.maxfloatdFreqFrequency resolutionHzspect.resolutionfloatsizeSize of FITS fileKibytephys.size;meta.fitsintspShow the spectrummeta.ref.urlcharFileNameName of FITS file, in subdirectory fitsmeta.id;meta.fitscharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension of center (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main