J/A+A/692/A28ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/692/A28doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36920028CDSKruszynska K.Wyrzykowski L.Rybicki K.A.Howil K.Jablonska M.,Kaczmarek Z.Ihanec N.Maskoliunas M.Bronikowski M.Pylypenko U.,Udalski A.Mroz P.Poleski R.Skowron J.Szymanski M.K.Soszynski I.,Pietrukowicz P.Kozlowski S.Ulaczyk K.Iwanek P.Wrona M.,Gromadzki M.Mroz M.J.Abe F.Bando K.Barry R.Bennett D.P.,Bhattacharya A.Bond I.A.Fukui A.Hamada R.Hamada S.Hamasaki N.,Hirao Y.Ishitani Silva S.Itow Y.Koshimoto N.Matsubara Y.,Miyazaki S.Muraki Y.Nagai T.Nunota K.Olmschenk G.Ranc C.,Rattenbury N.J.Satoh Y.Sumi T.Suzuki D.Tristram P.J.Vandorou A.,Yama H.2026-01-20T12:11:54Z2024-11-29T09:23:42ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgravitational-lensingphotometryvisible-astronomyGravitational microlensing is a phenomenon that allows us to observe dark remnants of stellar evolution even if they no longer emit electromagnetic radiation. In particular, it can be useful to observe solitary neutron stars or stellar-mass black holes, providing a unique window through which to understand stellar evolution. Obtaining direct mass measurements with this technique requires precise observations of both the change in brightness and the position of the microlensed star. The European Space Agency's Gaia satellite can provide both. Using available data from different surveys, we analysed events published in the gaia Data Release 3 (GDR3) microlensing catalogue. Here we describe our selection of candidate dark lenses, where we suspect the lens is a white dwarf (WD), a neutron star (NS), a black hole (BH),or a mass-gap object, with a mass in a range between the heaviest NS and the least massive BH. We estimated the mass of the lenses using information obtained from the best-fitting microlensing models, the source star, the Galactic model and the expected distribution of the parameters. We found eleven candidates for dark remnants: one WDs, three NS, three mass-gap objects, and four BHs.2024A&A...692A..28Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/692/A28CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/692/A28https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/692/A28http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/692/A28https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/692/A28https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/692/A28http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/692/A28GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/692/A28/tablea1 (Gaia candidates found in other surveys)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A28/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A28/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A28/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true258.0717-16.86770.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/692/A28/tablea3 (Source star parameters)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A28/tablea3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A28/tablea3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/692/A28/tablea3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true260.8781-27.37880.0055555555555555566/23393 23844 28684 28706-28707 28710-28711 28714-28717 28719-28720 28722 28724 28726 28728-28730 28732 28734 28750 28769 28772 28777-28778 28783 28792-28793 28800-28801 28803-28804 28817 28833 28836 28838-28839 28841-28842 28849-28850 28854-28855 28861 28870-28871 28873 28876-28877 28882 28887 28889 28892-28893 28895 28898-28899 28904 28908-28910 28914 28920 28975 29025 29064-29065 29075 29104 29109 29184 29189 29205 29249 29385 29870 30213 30230 30233 30327 37334 37901 37930 39789 41470-41471 41623 41645-41646 41649 41668 41673-41674 41687 41743 41747 41749 41760-41761 41868 42154 42160 42188 42198 42209 42213 42215 42341 42366-42367 42377 42401 42412-42413 42426 42452 42476 42495 42832 42834 42845 43057 478421.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/692/A28?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/692/A28/tablea1Gaia candidates found in other surveysrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName (GaiaDR3-ULENS-NNN)meta.id;meta.maincharRA_ICRSRight ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRemarksNames of this event in other surveysmeta.notecharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/A+A/692/A28/tablea3Source star parameters_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName GaiaDR3-ULENS-, NNN-GAAA (GaiaDR3-ULENS-)meta.id;meta.maincharRA_ICRSRight ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainpmRA? Gaia DR3 Proper motion along RAmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRA? Gaia DR3 Proper motion along RA uncertaintymas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablepmDE? Gaia DR3 Proper motion along DEmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDE? Gaia DR3 Proper motion along DE uncertaintymas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablepmRApmDEcor? Gaia DR3 Correlation between proper motion in right ascension and proper motion in declination (mu_ra_dec_corr)stat.correlationdoublenullableRUWE? Gaia DR3 Renozmalized Unit Weight Errorstat.errorfloatnullablethetastar? Estimated source star angular radiusmasphys.angSizefloatnullablee_thetastar? Estimated source star angular radius uncertaintymasstat.errorfloatnullablef_thetastar[true false -] Is the source's colour within bounds for Adams et al. 2018MNRAS.473.3608A relation?meta.codecharsourcestar[giant dwarf -] Is the source star a dwarf or a giant star?meta.code.classcharSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableJ/A+A/692/A28/tablea4Best-fitting microlensing solutions parametersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintt0par? Non-fitted parameter, which defines the coordinate system for parallax measurement (HJD-2450000) (t_0_par)dstat.fit.paramfloatnullablet0Time of the peak of brightness of PSPL model (HJD-2450000) (t_0)dtime.epochfloatE_t0Time of the peak of brightness of PSPL model positive error (err_t_0_pl)dstat.error;stat.maxfloate_t0Time of the peak of brightness of PSPL model negative error (err_t_0_mn)dstat.errorfloatu0Impact parameter of PSPL model (u_0)stat.param;meta.modelledfloatE_u0Impact parameter of PSPL model positive error (err_u_0_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_u0Impact parameter of PSPL model negative error (err_u_0_mn)stat.errorfloattEEinstein timescale of the event of PSPL model (t_E)dtime.scalefloatE_tEEinstein timescale of the event of PSPL model positive error (err_t_E_pl)dstat.error;stat.maxfloate_tEEinstein timescale of the event of PSPL model negative error (err_t_E_mn)dstat.errorfloatpiEN? North component of the microlensing parallax vector (pi_EN)pos.parallaxfloatnullableE_piEN? North component of the microlensing parallax vector positive error (err_pi_EN_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_piEN? North component of the microlensing parallax vector negative error (err_pi_EN_mn)stat.errorfloatnullablepiEE? East component of the microlensing parallax vector (pi_EE)pos.parallaxfloatnullableE_piEE? East component of the microlensing parallax vector positive error (err_pi_EE_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_piEE? East component of the microlensing parallax vector negative error (err_pi_EE_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIG0? Baseline magnitude in Gaia G-band (I_G0)magphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableE_IG0? Baseline magnitude in Gaia G-band positive error (err_I_G0_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IG0? Baseline magnitude in Gaia G-band negative error (err_I_G0_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbG? Blending fraction in Gaia G band (fb_G)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbG? Blending fraction in Gaia G band positive error (err_fb_G_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbG? Blending fraction in Gaia G band negative error (err_fb_G_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIBP0? Baseline magnitude in Gaia BP band (I_BP0)magphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableE_IBP0? Baseline magnitude in Gaia BP band positive error (err_I_BP0_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IBP0? Baseline magnitude in Gaia BP band negative error (err_I_BP0_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbBP? Blending fraction in Gaia RP band belonging to the blend in the BP-band (f_bBP)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbBP? Blending fraction in Gaia RP band positive error (err_f_bBP_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbBP? Blending fraction in Gaia RP band negative error (err_f_bBP_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIRP0? Brightness in baseline in the RP band (I_RP0)magphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatnullableE_IRP0? Brightness in baseline in the RP band positive error (err_I_RP0_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IRP0? Brightness in baseline in the RP band negative error (err_I_RP0_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbRP? Fraction of the total flux at baseline belonging to the blend in the RP-Band (f_bRP)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbRP? Fraction of the total flux at baseline belonging to the blend in the RP-Band positive error (err_f_bRP_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbRP? Fraction of the total flux at baseline belonging to the blend in the RP-Band negative error (err_f_bRP_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIGSA? Baseline magnitude in Gaia G band from GSA (I_GSA)magphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableE_IGSA? Baseline magnitude in Gaia G band from GSA positive error (err_I_GSA_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IGSA? Baseline magnitude in Gaia G band from GSA negative error (err_I_GSA_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbGSA? Blending fraction in Gaia G band from GSA (f_bGSA)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbGSA? Blending fraction in Gaia G band from GSA positive error (err_f_bGSA_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbGSA? Blending fraction in Gaia G band from GSA negative error (err_f_bGSA_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIV0? Baseline magnitude in ASAS-SN V band (I_V0)magphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableE_IV0? Baseline magnitude in ASAS-SN V band positive error (err_I_V0_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IV0? Baseline magnitude in ASAS-SN V band negative error (err_I_V0_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbV? Blending fraction in ASAS-SN V band (f_bV)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbV? Blending fraction in ASAS-SN V band positive error (err_f_bV_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbV? Blending fraction in ASAS-SN V band negative error (err_f_bV_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIOGLE0? Baseline magnitude in OGLE I band (I_OGLE0)magphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableE_IOGLE0? Baseline magnitude in OGLE I band positive error (err_I_OGLE0_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IOGLE0? Baseline magnitude in OGLE I band negative error (err_I_OGLE0_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbOGLE? Blending fraction in OGLE I band belonging to the blend in the OGLE-band (f_bOGLE)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbOGLE? Blending fraction in OGLE I band positive error (err_f_bOGLE_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbOGLE? Blending fraction in OGLE I band negative error (err_f_bOGLE_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIKMTA? Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SAAO) (I_KMTA)magphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableE_IKMTA? Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SAAO) positive error (err_I_KMTA_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IKMTA? Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SAAO) negative error (err_I_KMTA_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbKMTA? Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SAAO) belonging to the blend in the KMTA-bandphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbKMTA? Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SAAO) positive error (err_f_bKMTA_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbKMTA? Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SAAO) negative error (err_f_bKMTA_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIKMTC? Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (CTIO) (I_KMTC)magphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableE_IKMTC? Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (CTIO) positive error (err_I_KMTC_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IKMTC? Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (CTIO) negative error (err_I_KMTC_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbKMTC? Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (CTIO) (f_bKMTC)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbKMTC? Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (CTIO) positive error (err_f_bKMTC_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbKMTC? Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (CTIO) negative error (err_f_bKMTC_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIKMTS? Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SSO) (I_KMTS)magphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableE_IKMTS? Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SSO) positive error (err_I_KMTS_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IKMTS? Baseline magnitude in KMTNet I band (SSO) negative error (err_I_KMTS_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbKMTS? Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SSO) (f_bKMTS)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbKMTS? Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SSO) positive error (err_f_bKMTS_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbKMTS? Blending fraction in KMTNet I band (SSO) negative error (err_f_bKMTS_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIMOA? Baseline magnitude in MOA I band (I_MOA)magphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatnullableE_IMOA? Baseline magnitude in MOA I band positive error (err_I_MOA_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IMOA? Baseline magnitude in MOA I band negative error (err_I_MOA_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbMOA? Blending fraction in MOA I band (f_bMOA)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbMOA? Blending fraction in MOA I band positive error (err_f_bMOA_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbMOA? Blending fraction in MOA I band negative error (err_f_bMOA_mn)stat.errorfloatnullableIMOAV? Baseline magnitude in MOA V band (MOA_V)magphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableE_IMOAV? Baseline magnitude in MOA V band positive error (err_I_MOA_V_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_IMOAV? Baseline magnitude in MOA V band negative error (err_I_MOA_V_mn)magstat.errorfloatnullablefbMOAV? Blending fraction in MOA V band (f_b_MOA_V)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableE_fbMOAV? Blending fraction in MOA V band positive error (err_f_bMOA_V_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_fbMOAV? Blending fraction in MOA V band negative error (err_f_bMOA_V_mn)stat.errorfloatnullablechi2chi^2^ value (chi2)stat.fit.chi2;stat.valuedoubleNameName GaiaDR3-ULENS-, NNN-GAAA (GaiaDR3-ULENS-)meta.id;meta.maincharJ/A+A/692/A28/tablea5Lens properties for high confidence candidatesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMLMass of the lens (ML)solMassphys.massfloatE_MLMass of the lens positive error (err_ML_pl)solMassstat.error;stat.maxfloate_MLMass of the lens negative error (err_ML_mn)solMassstat.errorfloatDLDistance to the lens (DL)kpcpos.distancefloatE_DLDistance to the lens positive error (err_DL_pl)kpcstat.error;stat.maxfloate_DLDistance to the lens negative error (err_DL_pl_1)kpcstat.errorfloatlensmagLens magnitude if it was an MS at DL with mass of ML (lens_mag)magphot.magfloatE_lensmagLens magnitude positive error (err_lens_mag_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloate_lensmagLens magnitude negative error (err_lens_mag_mn)magstat.error;phot.magfloatblendmagBlend magnitude from the microlensing model (blend_mag)magphot.magfloatE_blendmagBlend magnitude from the microlensing model positive error (err_blend_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloate_blendmagBlend magnitude from the microlensing model negative error (err_blend_mn)magstat.error;phot.magfloatthetaeAngular Einstein radius (theta_e)masphys.angSizefloatE_thetaeAngular Einstein radius positive error (err_theta_e_pl)masstat.error;stat.maxfloate_thetaeAngular Einstein radius negative error (err_theta_e_mn)masstat.errorfloatmaxastrodispMaximal astrometric displacement (max_astro_disp)pos.distancefloatE_maxastrodispMaximal astrometric displacement positive error (err_max_astro_disp_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_maxastrodispMaximal astrometric displacement negative error (err_max_astro_disp_mn)stat.errorfloatlenspmLens proper motion (lens_prop_mot)mas/yrpos.pmfloatE_lenspmLens proper motion positive error (err_lens_prop_mot_pl)mas/yrstat.error;stat.maxfloate_lenspmLens proper motion negative error (err_lens_prop_mot_mn)mas/yrstat.errorfloatvtLens transverse velocity (transverse_vel)km/sphys.veloc.transversefloatE_vtLens transverse velocity positive error (err_vt_pl)km/sstat.error;stat.maxfloate_vtLens transverse velocity negative error (err_vt_mn)km/sstat.errorfloatdarklensprobProbability of dark lens (dark_lens_prob)stat.fit.goodnessfloatNameName GaiaDR3-ULENS, NNN-GAAA (GaiaDR3-ULENS)meta.id;meta.maincharMFMass function (MF)phys.masscharJ/A+A/692/A28/tablea6Lens properties for edge case candidatesMFMass function (MF)phys.masscharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName GaiaDR3-ULENS, NNN-GAAA (GaiaDR3-ULENS)meta.id;meta.maincharMLMass of the lens (ML)solMassphys.massfloatE_MLMass of the lens positive error (err_ML_pl)solMassstat.error;stat.maxfloate_MLMass of the lens negative error (err_ML_mn)solMassstat.errorfloatDLDistance to the lens (DL)kpcpos.distancefloatE_DLDistance to the lens positive error (err_DL_pl)kpcstat.error;stat.maxfloate_DLDistance to the lens negative error (err_DL_pl_1)kpcstat.errorfloatlensmagLens magnitude if it was an MS at DL with mass of ML (lens_mag)magphot.magfloatE_lensmagLens magnitude positive error (err_lens_mag_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloate_lensmagLens magnitude negative error (err_lens_mag_mn)magstat.error;phot.magfloatblendmagBlend magnitude from the microlensing model (blend_mag)magphot.magfloatE_blendmagBlend magnitude from the microlensing model positive error (err_blend_pl)magstat.error;stat.maxfloate_blendmagBlend magnitude from the microlensing model negative error (err_blend_mn)magstat.error;phot.magfloatthetaeAngular Einstein radius (theta_e)masphys.angSizefloatE_thetaeAngular Einstein radius positive error (err_theta_e_pl)masstat.error;stat.maxfloate_thetaeAngular Einstein radius negative error (err_theta_e_mn)masstat.errorfloatmaxastrodispMaximal astrometric displacement (max_astro_disp)pos.distancefloatE_maxastrodispMaximal astrometric displacement positive error (err_max_astro_disp_pl)stat.error;stat.maxfloate_maxastrodispMaximal astrometric displacement negative error (err_max_astro_disp_mn)stat.errorfloatlenspmLens proper motion (lens_prop_mot)mas/yrpos.pmfloatE_lenspmLens proper motion positive error (err_lens_prop_mot_pl)mas/yrstat.error;stat.maxfloate_lenspmLens proper motion negative error (err_lens_prop_mot_mn)mas/yrstat.errorfloatvtLens transverse velocity (transverse_vel)km/sphys.veloc.transversefloatE_vtLens transverse velocity positive error (err_vt_pl)km/sstat.error;stat.maxfloate_vtLens transverse velocity negative error (err_vt_mn)km/sstat.errorfloatdarklensprobProbability of dark lens (dark_lens_prob)stat.fit.goodnessfloat