J/A+A/687/A38ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/687/A38doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36870038CDSCarry B.Peloton J.Le Montagner R.Mahlke M.Berthier J.2024-11-21T20:02:18Z2024-06-26T07:23:29ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-systemasteroidsphotometryvisible-astronomyastronomical-modelsLarge sky surveys provide numerous non-targeted observations of small bodies of the Solar System. The upcoming Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST) of the Vera C. Rubin observatory will be the largest source of small body photometry in the next decade. With non-coordinated epochs of observation, colors, and therefore taxonomy and composition, can only be computed by comparing absolute magnitudes obtained in each filter by solving the phase function (evolution of brightness of the small body against the solar phase angle). Current models in use in the community (HG, HG12*, HG1G2) however fail to reproduce the long-term photometry of many targets due to the change in aspect angle between apparitions. We aim at deriving a generic yet simple phase function model accounting for the variable geometry of the small bodies over multiple apparitions. As a spinoff of the HG1 G2 model, we propose the sHG1 G2 phase function model in which we introduce a term describing the brightness changes due to spin orientation and polar oblateness. We apply this new model to 13245908 observations of 122675 SSOs. These observations were acquired in the g and r filters with the Zwicky Transient Facility between 2019/11/01 and 2023/12/01. We retrieve them and implement the new sHG1 G2 model in Fink, a broker of alerts designed for the LSST. The sHG1 G2 model leads to smaller residuals than other phase function models, providing a better description of the photometry of asteroids. We determine the absolute magnitude H and phase function coefficients (G1, G2) in each filter, the spin orientation ({alpha}_0_ , {delta}_0_), and the polar-to-equatorial oblateness R for 95593 Solar System Objects (SSOs), which constitutes about a tenfold increase in the number of characterized objects compared to current census. The application of the sHG1 G2 model on ZTF alert data using the FINK broker shows that the model is appropriate to extract physical properties of asteroids from multi-band and sparse photometry, such as the forthcoming LSST survey.2024A&A...687A..38Chttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/687/A38CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toB/astorb : Orbits of Minor Planets (Bowell+, 2014-)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/687/A38https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/687/A38http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/687/A38https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/687/A38https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/687/A38http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/687/A38GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/687/A38/catalogFINK SSOFT (ZTF photometry, FINK broker)HG1G2-statusFit status of HG1G2 model (HG1G2_status)meta.codeintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSHG1G2-rms? RMS residuals of sHG1G2 model (SHG1G2_rms)stat.fit.residualfloatnullableSSOnumber? Official IAU number (sso_number)meta.idintnullableSSOnameOfficial IAU designation (sso_name)meta.id;meta.maincharNobs? Total number of observations (n_obs)meta.numberintnullableNobs-g? Number of observations in g filter (n_obs_g)meta.numberintnullableNobs-r? Number of observations in r filter (n_obs_r)meta.numberintnullableMinphase? Minimum phase angle of observations (min_phase)src.orbitalfloatnullableMinphase-g? Minimum phase angle of observations in g filter (min_phase_g)src.orbitalfloatnullableMinphase-r? Minimum phase angle of observations in r filter (min_phase_r)src.orbitalfloatnullableMaxphase? Maximum phase angle of observations (max_phase)src.orbitalfloatnullableMaxphase-g? Maximum phase angle of observations in g filter (max_phase_g)src.orbitalfloatnullableMaxphase-r? Maximum phase angle of observations in r filter (max_phase_r)src.orbitalfloatnullableNdays? Number of days covered by observations (n_days)meta.numberfloatnullableNdays-g? Number of days covered by observations in g filter (n_days_g)meta.numberfloatnullableNdays-r? Number of days covered by observations in r filter (n_days_r)meta.numberfloatnullableHG-H-g? Absolute magnitude H in HG model in g filter (HG_H_g)magphys.magAbsfloatnullablee_HG-H-g? Uncertainty on the absolute magnitude H in HG model in g filter (HG_dH_g)magphys.magAbsfloatnullableHG-G-g? Phase slope G in HG model in g filter (HG_G_g)meta.crypticfloatnullablee_HG-G-g? Uncertainty on phase slope G in HG model in g filter (HG_dG_g)meta.crypticfloatnullableHG-H-r? Absolute magnitude H in HG model in r filter (HG_H_r)magphys.magAbsfloatnullablee_HG-H-r? Uncertainty on the absolute magnitude H in HG model in r filter (HG_dH_r)magphys.magAbsfloatnullableHG-G-r? Phase slope G in HG model in r filter (HG_G_r)meta.crypticfloatnullablee_HG-G-r? Uncertainty on phase slope G in HG model in r filter (HG_dG_r)meta.crypticfloatnullableHG-rms? RMS residuals of HG model (HG_rms)stat.fit.residualfloatnullableHG-rms-g? RMS residuals of HG model in g filter (HG_rms_g)stat.fit.residualfloatnullableHG-rms-r? RMS residuals of HG model in r filter (HG_rms_r)stat.fit.residualfloatnullableHG-chi2red? Chi-square of HG model (HG_chi2red)stat.fit.chi2doublenullableHG-statusFit status of HG model (HG_status)meta.codeintHG-fitQuality code of the fit of HG model (HG_fit)meta.code.qual;stat.fit.param;meta.modelledintHG1G2-H-g? Absolute magnitude H in HG1G2 model in g filter (HG1G2_H_g)magphys.magAbsfloatnullablee_HG1G2-H-g? Uncertainty on the absolute magnitude H in HG1G2 model in g filter (HG1G2_dH_g)magphys.magAbsdoublenullableHG1G2-G1-g? Phase slope G1 in HG1G2 model in g filter (HG1G2_G1_g)meta.crypticfloatnullablee_HG1G2-G1-g? Uncertainty on phase slope G1 in HG1G2 model in g filter (HG1G2_dG1_g)meta.crypticdoublenullableHG1G2-G2-g? Phase slope G2 in HG1G2 model in g filter (HG1G2_G2_g)meta.crypticfloatnullablee_HG1G2-G2-g? Uncertainty on phase slope G2 in HG1G2 model in g filter (HG1G2_dG2_g)meta.crypticdoublenullableHG1G2-H-r? Absolute magnitude H in HG1G2 model in r filter (HG1G2_H_r)magphys.magAbsfloatnullablee_HG1G2-H-r? Uncertainty on the absolute magnitude H in HG1G2 model in g filter (HG1G2_dH_r)magphys.magAbsdoublenullableHG1G2-G1-r? Phase slope G1 in HG1G2 model in r filter (HG1G2_G1_r)meta.crypticfloatnullablee_HG1G2-G1-r? Uncertainty on phase slope G1 in HG1G2 model in r filter (HG1G2_dG1_r)meta.crypticdoublenullableHG1G2-G2-r? Phase slope G2 in HG1G2 model in r filter (HG1G2_G2_r)meta.crypticfloatnullablee_HG1G2-G2-r? Uncertainty on phase slope G2 in HG1G2 model in r filter (HG1G2_dG2_r)meta.crypticdoublenullableHG1G2-rms? RMS residuals of HG1G2 model (HG1G2_rms)stat.fit.residualfloatnullableHG1G2-rms-g? RMS residuals of HG1G2 model in g filter (HG1G2_rms_g)stat.fit.residualfloatnullableHG1G2-rms-r? RMS residuals of HG1G2 model in r filter (HG1G2_rms_r)stat.fit.residualfloatnullableHG1G2-chi2red? Chi-square of HG1G2 model (HG1G2_chi2red)stat.fit.chi2doublenullableHG1G2-fitQuality code of the fit of HG1G2 model (HG1G2_fit)meta.code.qual;stat.fit.param;meta.modelledintSHG1G2-H-g? Absolute magnitude H in sHG1G2 model in g filter (SHG1G2_H_g)magphys.magAbsfloatnullablee_SHG1G2-H-g? Uncertainty on absolute magnitude H in sHG1G2 model in g filter (SHG1G2_dH_g)magphys.magAbsdoublenullablesHG1G2-statusFit status of sHG1G2 model (sHG1G2_status)meta.codeintSHG1G2-G1-g? Phase slope G1 in sHG1G2 model in g filter (SHG1G2_G1_g)meta.crypticfloatnullablee_SHG1G2-G1-g? Uncertainty on phase slope G1 in sHG1G2 model in g filter (SHG1G2_dG1_g)meta.crypticdoublenullableSHG1G2-G2-g? Phase slope G2 in sHG1G2 model in g filter (SHG1G2_G2_g)meta.crypticfloatnullablee_SHG1G2-G2-g? Uncertainty on phase slope G2 in sHG1G2 model in g filter (SHG1G2_dG2_g)meta.crypticdoublenullableSHG1G2-H-r? Absolute magnitude H in sHG1G2 model in r filter (SHG1G2_H_r)magphys.magAbsfloatnullablee_SHG1G2-H-r? Uncertainty on absolute magnitude H in sHG1G2 model in r filter (SHG1G2_dH_r)magphys.magAbsdoublenullableSHG1G2-G1-r? Phase slope G1 in sHG1G2 model in r filter (SHG1G2_G1_r)meta.crypticfloatnullablee_SHG1G2-G1-r? Uncertainty on phase slope G1 in sHG1G2 model in r filter (SHG1G2_dG1_r)meta.crypticdoublenullableSHG1G2-G2-r? Phase slope G2 in sHG1G2 model in r filter (SHG1G2_G2_r)meta.crypticfloatnullablee_SHG1G2-G2-r? Uncertainty on phase slope G2 in sHG1G2 model in r filter (SHG1G2_dG2_r)meta.crypticdoublenullableSHG1G2-R? Oblateness (SHG1G2_R)phys.size;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_SHG1G2-R? Uncertainty on oblateness (SHG1G2_dR)stat.errorfloatnullableSHG1G2-alpha0? Right Ascension of the spin vector (SHG1G2_alpha0)degpos.eq.rafloatnullableSHG1G2-delta0? Declination of the spin vector (SHG1G2_delta0)degpos.eq.decfloatnullableSHG1G2-alpha0-alt? Right Ascension of the spin vector, symmetric solution (SHG1G2_alpha0_alt)degpos.eq.rafloatnullableSHG1G2-delta0-alt? Declination of the spin vector, symmetric solution (SHG1G2_delta0_alt)degpos.eq.decfloatnullablee_SHG1G2-alpha0? Uncertainty on the Right Ascension of the spin vector (SHG1G2_dalpha0)degstat.errordoublenullablee_SHG1G2-delta0? Uncertainty on the Declination of the spin vector (SHG1G2_ddelta0)degstat.errordoublenullableSHG1G2-obliquity? Obliquity of the target (SHG1G2_obliquity)degsrc.orbital.inclinationfloatnullableSHG1G2mincoslambda? Minimum cosine of the aspect angle Lambda (SHG1G2_min_cos_lambda)src.orbital.inclinationfloatnullableSHG1G2meancoslambda? Mean cosine of the aspect angle Lambda (SHG1G2_mean_cos_lambda)src.orbital.inclinationfloatnullableSHG1G2maxcoslambda? Maximum cosine of the aspect angle Lambda (SHG1G2_max_cos_lambda)src.orbital.inclinationfloatnullableSHG1G2-rms-g? RMS residuals of sHG1G2 model in g filter (SHG1G2_rms_g)stat.fit.residualfloatnullableSHG1G2-rms-r? RMS residuals of sHG1G2 model in g filter (SHG1G2_rms_r)stat.fit.residualfloatnullablesHG1G2-chi2red? Chi-square of sHG1G2 model (sHG1G2_chi2red)stat.fit.chi2floatnullablesHG1G2-fitQuality code of the fit of sHG1G2 model (sHG1G2_fit)meta.code.qual;stat.fit.param;meta.modelledint