J/A+A/687/A14ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/687/A14doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-nf/lbeCDSLiakos A.Bonanos A.Z.Xilouris E.M.Koschny D.Bellas-Velidis I.,Boumis P.Maroussis A.Moissl R.2026-07-03T06:36:03Z2025-03-20T14:21:05ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-systemmeteoritesphotometryvisible-astronomyWe present results of the Near-Earth objects Lunar Impacts and Optical TrAnsients (NELIOTA) campaign for lunar impact flashes observed with the 1.2 m Kryoneri telescope. From August 2019 to August 2023, we report 113 validated and 70 suspected flashes. For the validated flashes, we calculate the physical parameters (masses, radii) of the corresponding projectiles, the temperatures developed during the impacts, and the expected crater sizes. For the multiframe flashes, we present light curves and thermal evolution plots. Using the whole sample of NELIOTA that encompasses 192 validated flashes in total from 2017, the statistics of the physical parameters of the meteoroids, the peak temperatures of the impacts, and the expected crater sizes has been updated. Using this large sample, empirical relations correlating the luminous energies per photometric band were derived and used to roughly estimate the parameters of 92 suspected flashes of the NELIOTA archive. For a typical value of the luminous efficiency, we found that the majority (>75%) of the impacting meteoroids have masses between 1 and 200 g, radii between 0.5 and 3 cm and produced craters up to 3.5 m. 85% of the peak temperatures of the impacts range between 2000 and 4500 K. Statistics regarding the magnitude decline and the cooling rates of the multiframe flashes are also presented. The recalculation of the appearance frequency of meteoroids (lying within the aforementioned ranges of physical parameters) on the Moon yields that the total lunar surface is bombarded with 7.4 sporadic meteoroids per hour and up to 12.6 meteoroids per hour when the Earth-Moon system passes through a strong meteoroid stream. By extrapolating these rates on Earth, the respective rates for various distances from its surface are calculated and used to estimate the probability of an impact of a meteoroid with a hypothetical infrastructure on the Moon, or with a satellite orbiting Earth for various impact surfaces and duration times of the missions.2024A&A...687A..14Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/687/A14CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/687/A14https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/687/A14http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/687/A14https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/687/A14https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/687/A14http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/687/A14GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/687/A14/tablea1Photometric results and locations of the detected flashes by NELIOTA after July 2019IDFlash identification numbermeta.id;meta.mainintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintn_ID[abce] Note on ID (1)meta.notecharDateObservation datestime.epoch;obsnullableValValidation code (2)meta.codechartmaxMaximum durationmstime.intervalintRmagPeak magnitude in R bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_RmagPeak magnitude in R band errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatImag? Peak magnitude in I bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_Imag? Peak magnitude in I band errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableLATLatitude selenographic coordinate (3)degpos.framefloatLONLongitude selenographic coordinate (3)degpos.framefloatJ/A+A/687/A14/tablea2Results for the validated flashes detected by the NELIOTA campaign between August 2019 and mid-August 2023 as well as for the corresponding projectiles and craters for various eta valuesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDFlash identification numbermeta.id;meta.mainintStreamStreammeta.id.parentcharLERLuminous energy per R band10000Jphys.energyfloate_LERLuminous energy per R band error10000Jstat.errorfloatLEILuminous energy per I band10000Jphys.energyfloate_LEILuminous energy per I band error10000Jstat.errorfloatTTemperature developed during the impactKphys.temperatureinte_TTemperature developed during the impact errorKstat.errorintKEp5eta = 5x10^-3^ kinetic energy1e+06Jphys.energyfloate_KEp5eta = 5x10^-3^ kinetic energy error1e+06Jstat.errorfloatmp5eta = 5x10^-3^ mass of the projectilegphys.electron.degenfloate_mp5eta = 5x10^-3^ mass of the projectile errorgstat.errorfloatrp5eta = 5x10^-3^ radius of the projectilecmphys.size.radiusfloate_rp5eta = 5x10^-3^ radius of the projectile errorcmstat.errorfloatdc5eta = 5x10^-3^ expected crater sizemphys.size.radiusfloate_dc5eta = 5x10^-3^ expected crater size errormstat.errorfloatKEp1.5eta = 1.5x10^-3^ kinetic energy1e+06Jphys.energyinte_KEp1.5eta = 1.5x10^-3^ kinetic energy error1e+06Jstat.errorintmp1.5eta = 1.5x10^-3^ mass of the projectilegphys.electron.degenfloate_mp1.5eta = 1.5x10^-3^ mass of the projectile errorgstat.errorfloatrp1.5eta = 1.5x10^-3^ radius of the projectilecmphys.size.radiusfloate_rp1.5eta = 1.5x10^-3^ radius of the projectile errorcmstat.errorfloatdc1.5eta = 1.5x10^-3^ expected crater sizemphys.size.radiusfloate_dc1.5eta = 1.5x10^-3^ expected crater size errormstat.errorfloatKEp0.5eta = 5x10^-4^ kinetic energy1e+06Jphys.energyinte_KEp0.5eta = 5x10^-4^ kinetic energy error1e+06Jstat.errorintmp0.5eta = 5x10^-4^ mass of the projectilegphys.electron.degeninte_mp0.5eta = 5x10^-4^ mass of the projectile errorgstat.errorintrp0.5eta = 5x10^-4^ radius of the projectilecmphys.size.radiusfloate_rp0.5eta = 5x10^-4^ radius of the projectile errorcmstat.errorfloatdc0.5eta = 5x10^-4^ expected crater sizemphys.size.radiusfloate_dc0.5eta = 5x10^-4^ expected crater size errormstat.errorfloatJ/A+A/687/A14/tablea3Rough estimation of parameters of suspected LIFs (based on the entire NELIOTA sample), projectiles, and impact craters for eta = 1.5x10^-3^IDFlash identification numbermeta.id;meta.mainintStreamStreammeta.id.parentcharImagPeak magnitude in I bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.IfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordinte_ImagPeak magnitude in I band errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatRmagestEstimated peak magnitude in R bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_RmagestEstimated peak magnitude in R band errormagstat.errorfloatLEILuminous energy per I band10000Jphys.energyfloate_LEILuminous energy per I band error10000Jstat.errorfloatLERestEstimated luminous energy per R band10000Jphys.energyfloate_LERestEstimated luminous energy per R band error10000Jstat.errorfloatTestEstimated temperature developed during the impactKphys.temperatureinte_TestEstimated temperature developed during the impact errorKstat.errorintKEpestEstimated kinetic energy1e+06Jphys.energyfloate_KEpestEstimated kinetic energy error1e+06Jstat.errorfloatmpestEstimated mass of the projectilegphys.massinte_mpestEstimated mass of the projectile errorgstat.errorintrpestEstimated radius of the projectilecmphys.size.radiusfloate_rpestEstimated radius of the projectile errorcmstat.errorfloatdcestEstimated crater sizemphys.size.radiusfloate_dcestEstimated crater size errormstat.errorfloatJ/A+A/687/A14/tableb1List of multiframe flashes after July, 2019recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDFlash identification numbermeta.id;meta.mainintm_IDMultiplicity index on IDmeta.code.multipcharDateObservation datestime.epoch;obsnullableRmag? Estimated peak magnitude in R bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablee_Rmag? Estimated peak magnitude in R band errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableImag? Estimated peak magnitude in I bandmagphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloatnullablee_Imag? Estimated peak magnitude in I band errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableT? Temperature developed during the impactKphys.temperatureintnullablee_T? Temperature developed during the impact errorKstat.errorintnullable