J/A+A/686/A283ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/686/A283doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36860283CDSPancino E.Zocchi A.Rainer MMonaci M.Massari D.Monelli M.,Hunt L.K.Monaco L.Martinez-Vazquez C.E.Sanna N.Bianchi S.,Stetson P.B.2024-11-21T20:01:11Z2024-06-20T09:10:26ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frglobular-star-clustersinterstellar-mediumphotometryvisible-astronomyFor decades, it has been theorized that a tenuous but detectable intracluster medium should be present in globular clusters, which is continuously replenished by the gas and dust ejected by bright giants and periodically cleared by interactions with the Galactic disk. However, dedicated searches, especially in infrared and radio wavelengths, have returned mostly upper limits, which are lower than theoretical expectations by several orders of magnitude. We profited from recent wide-field photometry for 48 Galactic globular clusters to compute high-resolution maps of differential reddening, which can be used to correct any photometric catalog in these areas for reddening variations. Using 3D reddening maps from the literature, we evaluated the amount of foreground extinction. This allowed us to estimate the masses of the intracluster medium in our sample clusters, with an accuracy of one order of magnitude. Our estimates agree with the few available literature detections and with theoretical expectations. Because the discrepancy between observations and expectations only concerns literature upper limits, we explored possible reasons why they could be underestimated and we show that two recent discoveries can explain the discrepancy. The first is the recent discovery that the intracluster medium in 47 Tuc is not centrally concentrated. This is also supported by our maps, which in the majority of cases do not show a central reddening concentration. The second is the discovery that the dust in metal-poor ([Fe/H]<=~1dex) globular clusters is dominated by iron grains rather than silicates, which undermines previous dust mass estimates from observed upper limits. We conclude that current evidence, including our maps, does not contradict theoretical expectations and the problem of the missing intracluster medium is no longer an issue.2024A&A...686A.283Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/686/A283CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/686/A283https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/686/A283http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/686/A283https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/686/A283https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/686/A283http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/686/A283GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/686/A283/table1 (globular clusters and ICM measurements)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A283/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A283/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A283/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true140.2325417-77.282750.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/686/A283/table2 (Differential reddening maps)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A283/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A283/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A283/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true138.8677917-76.961750.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/686/A283/table3 (Compilation of literature estimates)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A283/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A283/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A283/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.0223292-72.08144440.0055555555555555565/2584 7854 8560 6/6389 8513 9433 9436 9664 9666 12404-12405 12407 12425 12427 12529 12531-12532 12534 12941 12943 12954 16645 16647 16656 16658 17121 17124 19089-19091 19100 19102 21011 21017 21020 24842-24843 25873 25876 27973 27975 27981 27984 27986 27992 28066-28067 28751 28966-28967 28972-28973 29267 29294 29805 29807 29816 29818 29867 29870 30299 30321 30995 30998 31018-31019 31043 31105 31113-31115 31410-31411 31722-31723 33321 33323 33330 33634-33635 33640-33641 36971 36974 37057 37291 37294 37633 37636 38464-38465 38467-38468 39640 39642 41009-41011 41257 41260 41507 41511 41513 41517 41522 41528 41846 41852 42314 42700-42701 42954-42955 42977 43125 43127 43225 43227-43228 43230 44083-44084 44086 44220-44221 47125 47127 47168 47170 47901-47903 47970-47971 47976-47977 48423 48429 48434 48440 48941 48952 489543.322582951404819e-19 3.852589004194616e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/686/A283?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/686/A283/table1globular clusters and ICM measurementskNumber of neighbors for map smoothingmeta.numberintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster namemeta.id;meta.maincharAltNameAlternate cluster namemeta.idcharn-hbExpected number of HB starsmeta.numberdoubleRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000) of cluster centerpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000) of cluster centerpos.eq.dec;meta.mainX0X coordinate of cluster centerpixpos.cartesian.x;instr.detintY0Y coordinate of cluster centerpixpos.cartesian.y;instr.detintDistDistance of the clusterkpcpos.distancefloatrcAdopted core radiusarcminphys.angSize;srcfloatrhAdopted half-light radiusarcminphys.angSize;srcdoublertAdopted truncation (or tidal) radiusarcminphys.angSize;srcdoublerlLimiting radius of reddening maparcminphys.angSize;srcdouble[Fe/H]Metallicity from Harris et al. (2010) (1)phys.abund.ZfloatE(B-V)E(B-V) from Harris et al. (2010) (1)magphot.color.excessfloatdE(B-V)maxTotal differential reddeningmagphys.absorption;arith.diffdoublee_dE(B-V)maxUncertainty on d(E-B)Vmaxmagstat.errordoubleflagFlag for foreground contaminationmeta.code.errorchare_n-hbUncertainty on n-hbstat.errordoublet-hbExpected HB lifetimeyrtime.epochdoublee_t-hbUncertainty on t-hbyrstat.errorfloattcTime from last disk crossingyrtime.epochlonge_tcUncertainty on tcyrstat.errorlongth-nHminExpected minimum H column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.mindoublee_th-nHminUncertainty on th-nHmincm**-2stat.errordoubleth-nHmaxExpected maximum H column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.maxdoublee_th-nHmaxUncertainty on th-nHmaxcm**-2stat.errordoubleth-MgasExpected ICM gas masssolMassphys.massdoublee_th-MgasUncertainty on th-MgassolMassstat.errordoubleth-MdustExpected ICM dust masssolMassphys.massdoublee_th-MdustUncertainty on th-MdustsolMassstat.errordoublerh-nH? Estimated H column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_rh-nH? Uncertainty on rh-nHcm**-2stat.errordoublenullablerh-Mgas? Estimated ICM gas masssolMassphys.massdoublenullablee_rh-Mgas? Uncertainty on rh-MgassolMassstat.errordoublenullablerh-Mdust? Estimated ICM dust masssolMassphys.massdoublenullablee_rh-Mdust? Uncertainty on rh-MdustsolMassstat.errordoublenullableJ/A+A/686/A283/table2Differential reddening mapsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster Namemeta.id.parentcharStarStar identifier within the clustermeta.id;meta.mainintXX coordinate of the starpixpos.cartesian.x;instr.detdoubleYY coordinate of the starpixpos.cartesian.y;instr.detdoubleRAICRSRight ascension ICRFpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDEICRSDeclination ICRFpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmagJohnson V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vfloate_VmagUncertainty in Vmagmagstat.error;phot.magdoubledE(B-V)rawRaw color displacementmagphot.color.excessdoubledE(B-V)Differential reddeningmagphot.color.excessdoubledE(B-V)madMAD of dEBV in neighborhood of the starsmagphot.color.excessdoublee_dE(B-V)Statistical error on dE(B-V)magstat.errordoubledE(B-V)resLocal spatial resolutionarcsecpos.angResolution;pos.lsr;pos.lgdoubleFlag[-1/2] Quality flag on the starmeta.code.errorintJ/A+A/686/A283/table3Compilation of literature estimatesTypeICM component (dust, gas, etc.)src.classcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster namemeta.id;meta.maincharMassLiterature mass estimatesolMassphys.massdoubleFoV? Typical field of view (when relevant)arcminphys.angSize;instr.fovfloatnullableTemp? Adopted temperature (when relevant)Kphys.temperatureintnullableMeasEither "detection" or "upper limit"meta.codecharSourceLiterature reference of the source paper (1)meta.bibchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main