J/A+A/686/A177ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/686/A177doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36860177CDSAnderson R.I.Viviani G.Shetye S.S.Mowlavi N.Eyer L.Palaversa L.,Holl B.Blanco-Cuaresma S.Kravchenko K.Pawlak M.Cruz Reyes M.,Khan S.Netzel H.E.Loebling L.Papics P.I.Postel A.Roelens M.,Spetsieri Z.T.Thoul A.Zak J.Bonvin V.Martin D.V.Millon M.,Saesen S.Wyttenbach A.Figueira P.Marmier M.Prins S.Raskin G.,van Winckel H.2024-11-07T20:03:53Z2024-06-14T10:38:56ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frvariable-starsspectroscopic-binary-starsradial-velocityWe present the first data release of VELOCE, a project dedicated to measuring high-precision radial velocities (RVs) of Galactic classical Cepheids (henceforth: Cepheids). VELOCE DR1 comprises 18225 RV measurements of 258 bona fide classical Cepheids on both hemispheres collected mainly between 2010 and 2022, as well as 1,161 observations of 164 additional stars, the majority of which were previously misclassified as Cepheids. The median per-observation RV uncertainty for Cepheids is 0.037km/s and reaches 2m/s for the brightest stars observed with Coralie. Non- variable standard stars were used to characterize RV zero-point stability and to provide a base for future cross-calibrations. We determined zero-point differences between VELOCE and 31 literature data sets using template fitting, which we also used to investigate linear period changes of 146 Cepheids. Seventy-three spectroscopic binary Cepheids and 13 candidate binary Cepheids were identified using VELOCE data alone and are investigated in detail in a companion paper (VELOCE II). VELOCE DR1 provides several new insights into the pulsational variability of Cepheids. Chiefly among these are: a) the most detailed description of the Hertzsprung progression based on RVs to date, b) the identification of double-peaked bumps in the pulsation curve, and c) clear evidence that virtually all Cepheids feature spectroscopic variability signals that lead to modulated RV variability at the level of tens to hundreds of m/s that cannot be satisfactorily modeled using single-periodic Fourier series. We identified 36 stars exhibiting such modulated variability, of which four also exhibit orbital motion. Linear radius variations depend strongly on pulsation period, and a steep increase in slope of the delta R/p vs log P-relation is found near 10 d. This effect, combined with significant RV amplitude differ- ences at fixed period challenge the existence of a tight relation between Baade-Wesselink projection factors and pulsation periods. We investigated the accuracy of RV time-series measurements, v_gamma_, and RV amplitudes published by the ESA mission Gaia's third data release and determined an offset of 0.65+/-0.11km/s relative to VELOCE. Whenever possible, we recommend adopting a single set of template correlation parameters for distinct classes of large amplitude variable stars to avoid systematic offsets in v_gamma among stars belonging to the same class. Peak-to-peak amplitudes of Gaia RVs exhibit significant (16%) dispersion. Potential differences of RV amplitudes require further inspection, notably in the context of projection factor calibration.2024A&A...686A.177Ahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/686/A177CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)J/A+A/674/A22 : Gaia DR3. Cross-match with known variable objectshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/686/A177https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/686/A177http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/686/A177https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/686/A177https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/686/A177http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/686/A177GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/686/A177/table6 (Linear period change rates (dP/dt))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A177/table6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A177/table6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A177/table6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true91.645608626.32922280.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/686/A177/tablea1 (Bona fide single-mode classical Cepheids)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A177/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A177/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A177/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true91.6416726.329170.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/686/A177/tableb1 (Other targets in VELOCE)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A177/tableb1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A177/tableb1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/686/A177/tableb1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true252.8593333-24.58272220.0055555555555555566/1239 1340 1348 1426 1429 1431-1432 1441 1445 1467 1836 1858 1962 2432 2805 3030 3045 3047 3050 3060-3061 3157 3239 3252 3255 3261 3263 3306 3328 3337 3361-3362 3600-3601 3616 3848 4095 4150 5529 7008 7444 7834 8135 8571 8890 8950-8952 8961 8966 9014 9281 9441 10356 10382 10439 10528 10718 11904 12420 12450 12714 12886 12916 12934 12971 12987 13288 13310 13786 13961 14205 14212 14239 14262 14267 14271 14291 14301 14303 14317 14328 14353 14391 14407 14409-14411 14427 14436 14464 14469 14607 14625 14629 14637 14640 14685 14690 14697 14709 14718 14736 14770 15106 15360 15388 15424-15425 15618 15632-15633 15660 15693 17672 18586 18632 21632 21671 21737 21742 22069 22071 22115-22116 22122 22221 22255 22435 22804 22856 23619 23622 23635 23660 23662 23778 23808 23841 23852 23922 23936 24020 24062 24146 24176 24226 24339 24372 24411 24770 25525 25842 26270 26283 26615 27602 27738 27937 27951 28587 28713 28717 28745 28779 28806 28831 28874 28881 28916 28918-28919 29032 29081 29089 29091 29095 29104 29106 29126 29159-29160 29166 29196 29249 29511 29519 29521 29526 29533 29665 29737 29747 29772 29897 29989 29999 30128 30148 30181 30211 30214 30222 30243 30245 30256 30258 30307 30321-30322 30327 30333 30414 30460 30589 30608-30609 30641 30646 30652 30664 30688 30692 30694 30706 30870 30895 31094 31125 31208 31482 31588 31607 31722 31763 31862 31866 31973 32064 32074 32135 32287 32380 32387 32692 33291 33804 34926 35739 35924 36395 36705 37205 37223 37235 37245 37273 37303 37332 37334 37336 37340-37341 37357 37359 37362-37363 37664 37706 37709 37711 37713 37734 37737 37741 37757 37813 37829 37867 37869-37870 37888 37895 37899 37905 37914-37915 37917 37923 37926-37927 37929-37931 38017 38020 38022-38024 38026 38049 38541 38577 38591 38627 39125 39205 39217 39232 39244 39283 39348 39357 39376 39410 39766 39771 39790 39871 39883 39889 39891-39892 39908 39933 39977 40185 40274 40580 40613 40862 41133 41211-41212 41383 41461 41556 41599 41605 41608 41655 41667-41668 41673-41674 41676 41684 41697-41698 41708 41721-41722 41725 41737 41761-41762 41794 41813 41833 41860 41862 41877 42022 42025 42153 42155-42156 42166 42171 42185 42197 42336 42352 42378 42418 42452 42496 42820 42965 43022 43024 43028 43044 43047 43060 43257-43258 43359 43382 43586 43594 43616 44184 44384 44523 44777 44786 45763 46352 47573 47634 47904 479201.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/686/A177?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/686/A177/table5Literature data zero-pointsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefLiterature or instrument referencemeta.ref;pos.framecharNstars[1/68] Number of stars used to determine the zero-pointmeta.numberintNclusters[1/219] Number of clusters used to determine the zero-pointmeta.numberintZPZero-point difference between VELOCE and the referencekm/smeta.ref;pos.frame;arith.difffloate_ZPUncertainty on the zero-point differencekm/sstat.errorfloatBibCodesBibcode for the referencesmeta.bib.bibcodecharJ/A+A/686/A177/table6Linear period change rates (dP/dt)SimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStarName of the Cepheidmeta.id;meta.mainchardP/dtLinear period change rates/yrarith.rate;time.perioddoublee_dP/dtUncertainty in the linear period change rates/yrstat.errorfloatNotesNotes on the resultsmeta.notechar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/686/A177/tablea1Bona fide single-mode classical CepheidsNRV[1/929] Number of radial velocity measurementsmeta.numberintSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintParamindicates Fourier parameters in tablea2meta.ref.urlcharNameName of the Cepheidmeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainGaiaDR3Gaia DR3 source_idmeta.idcharGmag? Gaia G magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBp-Rp? Gaia G_Bp_-G_Rp_ colormagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatnullablePmodePulsation mode classification according to Gaia DR3meta.code;src.varcharBinflag[FTU] Binary flagmeta.codecharNFS[2/19]? Number of terms in the Fourier seriesmeta.numberfloatnullableP? Pulsation perioddtime.perioddoublenullablee_P? Uncertainty on the pulsation perioddstat.errordoublenullableE? Reference epoch at which phi=0 (BJD-2400000)dmeta.ref;time.epochdoublenullablee_E? Uncertainty on the reference epochdstat.errordoublenullableJ/A+A/686/A177/tablea2Fourier parameters of modeled CepheidsP2PPeak-to-peak radial velocity amplitudekm/sphys.veloc;src.orbitalfloatA1Amplitude of the first Fourier componentkm/ssrc.var.amplitudefloatphi1Phase of the first Fourier componentradstat.fit.paramfloatR21Ratio of the second to the first Fourier harmonicsphot.mag;arith.ratiofloatphi21Phase difference between the second and the first Fourier harmonicsradstat.fit.paramfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName of the Cepheidmeta.id;meta.maincharPolydeg[1/20]? Degree of the polynomial used in conjunction with the Fourier seriesmeta.numberintnullableDoF[2/901] Degrees of freedomstat.fit.dofintChi2Chi-squared (Chi^2^)stat.fit.chi2doublevgammaRadial velocity offsetkm/sphys.veloc;arith.diffdoubleR31? Ratio of the third to the first Fourier harmonicsphot.mag;arith.ratiofloatnullablephi31? Phase difference between the third and the first Fourier harmonicsradstat.fit.paramfloatnullableR41? Ratio of the fourth to the first Fourier harmonicsphot.mag;arith.ratiofloatnullablephi41? Phase difference between the fourth and the first Fourier harmonicsradstat.fit.paramfloatnullableR51? Ratio of the fifth to the first Fourier harmonicsphot.mag;arith.ratiofloatnullablephi51? Phase difference between the fifth and the first Fourier harmonicsradstat.fit.paramfloatnullableJ/A+A/686/A177/tableb1Other targets in VELOCESimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName of the targetmeta.id;meta.maincharNRV[0/199] Number of radial velocity measurementsmeta.numberintCCFpeak[yn] Peak of the cross-correlation function flagmeta.codecharCCFodd[yn?] CCF looks significantly different from those of classical Cepheids flagmeta.codecharNcompSpecify if more than one absorption component was noticedmeta.codecharEmissionExhibits signs of emission featuresmeta.codecharvRV[yn? NA] RV variability flagmeta.codecharvFWHW[yn? NA] FWHM variability flagmeta.codecharvAsym[yn? NA] Line asymmetry variability flagmeta.codecharvLineDepth[yn? NA] Line depth variability flagmeta.codecharCCFnoteAdditional notes on the CCFmeta.codecharGaiaDR3Gaia DR3 source_idmeta.idClassGaia DR3 classificationmeta.code.classcharG22Gavras et al. (2023A&A...674A..22G, Cat. J/A+A/674/A22) classificationmeta.code.classchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main