J/A+A/685/A117ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/685/A117doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36850117CDSMAGIC CollaborationAbe S.Abhir J.Acciari V.A.Aguasca-Cabot A.,Agudo I.Aniello T.Ansoldi S.Antonelli L.A.Arbet Engels A.,Arcaro C.Asano K.Babic A.Baquero A.Barres de Almeida U.,Barrio J.A.Batkovic I.Bautista A.Baxter J.Becerra Gonzalez J.,Bednarek W.Bernardini E.Bernardos M.Bernete J.Berti A.,Besenrieder J.Bigongiari C.Biland A.Blanch O.Bonnoli G.Bosnjak Z.,Burelli I.Busetto G.Campoy-Ordaz A.Carosi A.Carosi R.,Carretero-Castrillo M.Castro-Tirado A.J.Ceribella G.Chai Y.,Cifuentes A.Colombo E.Contreras J.L.Cortina J.Covino S.D'Amico G.,D'Elia V.Da Vela P.Dazzi F.De Angelis A.De Lotto B.de Menezes R.,Del Popolo A.Delfino M.Delgado J.Delgado Mendez C.Di Pierro F.,Di Venere L.Dominis Prester D.Donini A.Dorner D.Doro M.,Elsaesser D.Emery G.Escudero J.Farina L.Fattorini A.Foffano L.,Font L.Froese S.Fukazawa Y.Garcia Lopez R.J.Garczarczyk M.,Gasparyan S.Gaug M.Giesbrecht Paiva J.G.Giglietto N.Giordano F.,Gliwny P.Godinovic N.Gradetzke T.Grau R.Green D.Green J.G.,Guenther P.Hadasch D.Hahn A.Hassan T.Heckmann L.Herrera J.,Hrupec D.Huetten M.Imazawa R.Ishio K.Jimenez Martinez I.,Kayanoki T.Kerszberg D.Kluge G.W.Kobayashi Y.Kouch P.M.Kubo H.,Kushida J.Lainez Lezaun M.Lamastra A.Leone F.Lindfors E.,Linhoff L.Lombardi S.Longo F.Lopez-Coto R.Lopez-Moya M.,Lopez-Oramas A.Loporchio S.Lorini A.Lyard E.,Machado de Oliveira Fraga B.Majumdar P.Makariev M.Maneva G.Mang N.,Manganaro M.Mangano S.Mannheim K.Mariotti M.Martinez M.,Martinez-Chicharro M.Mas-Aguilar A.Mazin D.Menchiari S.Mender S.,Miceli D.Miener T.Miranda J.M.Mirzoyan R.Molero Gonzalez M.,Molina E.Mondal H.A.Moralejo A.Morcuende D.Nakamori T.Nanci C.,Neustroev V.Nigro C.Nikolic L.Nilsson K.Nishijima K.,Njoh Ekoume T.Noda K.Nozaki S.Ohtani Y.Okumura A.Otero-Santos J.,Paiano S.Palatiello M.Paneque D.Paoletti R.Paredes J.M.,Peresano M.Persic M.Pihet M.Pirola G.Podobnik F.Prada Moroni P.G.,Prandini E.Principe G.Priyadarshi C.Rhode W.Ribo M.Rico J.,Righi C.Sahakyan N.Saito T.Satalecka K.Saturni F.G.Schleicher B.,Schmidt K.Schmuckermaier F.Schubert J.L.Schweizer T.Sciaccaluga A.,Silvestri G.Sitarek J.Sobczynska D.Spolon A.Stamerra A.,Striskovic J.Strom D.Suda Y.Suutarinen S.Tajima H.Takahashi M.,Takeishi R.Tavecchio F.Temnikov P.Terauchi K.Terzic T.Teshima M.,Tosti L.Truzzi S.Tutone A.Ubach S.van Scherpenberg J.Ventura S.,Viale I.Vigorito C.F.Vitale V.Vovk I.Walter R.Will M.,Wunderlich C.Yamamoto T.Liodakis I.Aceituno F.J.Agis-Gonzalez B.,Akitaya H.Bernardos M.I.Blinov D.Bourbah I.G.Casadio C.,Casanova V.D'Ammando F.Fallah Ramazani V.Fernandez-Garcia E.,Fukazawa Y.Garcia-Comas M.Gau E.Gokus A.Gurwell M.Hakala P.,Hovatta T.Hu Y.-D.Husillos C.Jormanainen J.Jorstad S.G.,Kawabata K.S.Keating G.K.Kiehlmann S.Kontopodis E.Krawczynski H.,Laehteenmaeki A.Leto C.Lisalda L.Mandarakas N.Marchini A.,Marscher A.P.Max-Moerbeck W.Middei R.Mizuno T.Myserlis I.,Nakaoka T.Perri M.Puccetti S.Rao R.Readhead A.C.S.Reeves R.,Rodriguez Cavero N.Salome Q.Sasada M.Skalidis R.Sota A.,Syrjaerinne I.Tornikoski M.Uemura M.Verrecchia F.Vervelaki A.2025-01-09T20:01:04Z2024-05-22T07:47:30ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frbl-lacertae-objectsradio-sourcesx-ray-sourcesgamma-ray-astronomyWe present the first multi-wavelength study of Mrk 501 including very-high- energy (VHE) {gamma}-ray observations simultaneous to X-ray polarization measurements from the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer (IXPE). We use radio-to-VHE data from a multi-wavelength campaign organized between 2022-03-01 and 2022-07-19 (MJD 59639 to MJD 59779). The observations were performed by MAGIC, Fermi-LAT, NuSTAR, Swift (XRT and UVOT), and several instruments covering the optical and radio bands to complement the IXPE pointings. We characterize the dynamics of the broad-band emission around the X-ray polarization measurements through its multi-band fractional variability and correlations, and compare changes observed in the polarization degree to changes seen in the broad-band emission using a multi-zone leptonic scenario. During the IXPE pointings, the VHE state is close to the average behavior with a 0.2-1TeV flux of 20%-50% the emission of the Crab Nebula. Additionally, it shows low variability and a hint of correlation between VHE and X-rays. Despite the average VHE activity, an extreme X-ray behavior is measured for the first two IXPE pointings in March 2022 (MJD 59646 to 59648 and MJD 59665 to 59667) with a synchrotron peak frequency >1keV. For the third IXPE pointing in July 2022 (MJD 59769 to 59772), the synchrotron peak shifts towards lower energies and the optical/X-ray polarization degrees drop. All three IXPE epochs show an atypically low Compton dominance in the {gamma}-rays. The X-ray polarization is systematically higher than at lower energies, suggesting an energy-stratification of the jet. While during the IXPE epochs the polarization angle in the X-ray, optical and radio bands align well, we find a clear discrepancy in the optical and radio polarization angles in the middle of the campaign. Such results further strengthen the hypothesis of an energy-stratified jet. We model the broad-band spectra simultaneous to the IXPE pointings assuming a compact zone dominating in the X-rays and VHE, and an extended zone stretching further downstream the jet dominating the emission at lower energies. NuSTAR data allow us to precisely constrain the synchrotron peak and therefore the underlying electron distribution. The change between the different states observed in the three IXPE pointings can be explained by a change of magnetization and/or emission region size, which directly connects the shift of the synchrotron peak to lower energies with the drop in polarization degree.2024A&A...685A.117Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/685/A117CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/685/A117https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/685/A117http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/685/A117https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/685/A117https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/685/A117http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/685/A117GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapGamma-rayX-rayRadiodefaultJ/A+A/685/A117/fig1Multiwavelength light curves of Fig.1recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJDModified Julian date centertime.epochdoubleFlux/polFlux or polarization degree/anglephot.flux.densityfloatE_Flux/pol? Upper uncertainty on Flux/polstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_Flux/pol? Lower uncertainty on Flux/polstat.errorfloatnullablel_Flux/pol[0/1] If 1, Flux/pol is a upper limit at 95% confidence levelmeta.code.errorintEnergyEnergy/Frequency range or Filterinstr.bandwidthcharInstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharUnitUnitsmeta.unitJ/A+A/685/A117/fig2Multiwavelength SED of Fig.2recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFreqFrequency, bin centerHzem.freqdoublenuFnuEnergy fluxmW.m**-2phot.flux.densitydoubleE_nuFnu? Energy flux upper uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_nuFnu? Energy flux upper uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.errordoublenullablel_nuFnu[0/1] If 1, nuFnu is a upper limit at 95% confidence levelmeta.code.errorintEpochCorresponding epoch of the SED (see paper for details)time.epochcharInstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharUnitUnitsmeta.unit