J/A+A/681/A16ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/681/A16doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36810016CDSTranin H.Webb N.Godet O.Quintin E.2024-11-28T20:05:52Z2024-01-05T12:05:26ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleix-ray-binary-starsx-ray-sourcesUltraluminous and hyperluminous X-ray (ULX and HLX) sources could constitute interesting laboratories to further improve our understanding of the supermassive black hole growth through super-Eddington accretion episodes and successive mergers of lighter holes. ULXs are thought to be powered by super-Eddington accretion onto stellar-mass compact objects, while HLXs are of an unknown nature, but they could be good candidates for accreting intermediate mass black holes (IMBHs). However, a significant portion of the sample of ULX and HLX candidates derived from catalogue searches are in fact background active galactic nuclei (AGN). Here we build samples of ULXs and HLXs from the three largest X-ray catalogues available, compiled from XMM-Newton, Swift-XRT, and Chandra detections, and the GLADE catalogue containing 1.7 million galaxies at D<1000Mpc. We aim to characterise the frequency, environment, hardness, and variability of ULXs and HLXs to better assess their differences and understand their populations. After a thorough classification of these X-ray sources, we were able to remove ~42% of sources with a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)>3 which were shown to be contaminants, to obtain the cleanest sample of ULXs and HLXs to date. From a sample of 1342 ULXs and 191 HLXs detected with a S/N>3{sigma}, we study the occupation fraction, hardness, variability, radial distribution, and preferred environment of the sources. We built their Malmquist-corrected X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) and compared them with previous studies. Thanks to the unprecedented size of the sample, we were able to statistically compare ULXs and HLXs and assess the differences in their nature. The interpretation of HLXs as IMBHs is investigated. A significant break is seen in the XLF at ~10^40^erg/s. With our ULX sample, containing <~2% of contaminants, we are able to confirm that ULXs are located preferentially in spiral galaxies and galaxies with higher star formation rates. While X-ray binaries (XRBs), ULXs, and most HLXs share common hardness and variability distributions, a fraction of HLXs appear significantly softer. Unlike ULXs, HLXs seem to reside equally in spiral as well as lenticular and elliptical galaxies. We note that 35% of the HLX candidates have an optical counterpart, and we estimate the mass of 120 of them to be in the range of 2x10^3^-10^5^M_{sun}_. Most of the HLX population is found to be consistent with an accreting massive black hole in a dwarf galaxy satellite of the primary host. This diverse nature needs to be confirmed with deeper optical and infrared observations, as well as upcoming X-ray facilities.2024A&A...681A..16Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/681/A16CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVII/237 : HYPERLEDA. I. Catalog of galaxies (Paturel+, 2003)VII/281 : GLADE v2.3 catalog (Dalya+, 2018)VII/291 : GLADE+ (Galaxy List for the Advanced Detector Era) (Dalya+, 2022)IX/45 : The Chandra Source Catalog, Release 1.1 (Evans+ 2012)IX/57 : The Chandra Source Catalog (CSC), Release 2.0 (Evans+, 2019)IX/58 : 2SXPS Swift X-ray telescope point source catalogue (Evans+, 2020)IX/59 : XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue 4XMM-DR9 (Webb+, 2020)IX/63 : XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue 4XMM-DR10 (Webb+, 2022)IX/65 : XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue 4XMM-DR11 (Webb+, 2022)IX/68 : XMM-Newton Serendipitous Source Catalogue 4XMM-DR12 (Webb+, 2023)J/A+A/657/A138 : Classification of Swift and XMM-Newton sources (Tranin+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/681/A16https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/681/A16http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/681/A16https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/681/A16https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/681/A16http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/681/A16GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/681/A16/tablea1 (List of HLX candidates obtained in this study)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/681/A16/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/681/A16/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/681/A16/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true2.93032-28.930110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/681/A16/tablea2 (List of ULX candidates obtained in this study)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/681/A16/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/681/A16/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/681/A16/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.4177-33.724210.0055555555555555566/18 50 87 108 141 207 226 286 306 396 611 620 650 747 764 922 941 953 1171 1671 1701 1852 2142 2155 2164 2214 2227 2251-2252 2254 2260 2320 2372 2380 2383 2388-2389 2409 2414 2432 2564 2687 2711 2920 3078 3446 3506 3516 3519 3583 3824 4181-4182 4196 4303 4352 4439 4447 4511 4575 4689 4695-4696 4718 4804 4806-4807 4942 4964 4966 5002 5016 5018 5046-5047 5061 5082 5118 5124 5128 5130 5174 5183 5229 5241 5429 5492 5504 5523 5536 5589 5597 5606 5610 5618 5629 5644 5664 5668 5670 5715 5727 5745 5751 5757 5781 5793 5796-5797 5816 5843 5864 5904 5927 5966 5975 5982 5995 5999-6000 6004 6010 6014 6034 6045 6047-6048 6057 6077 6084 6087-6088 6098 6112 6178 6208 6261 6348 6382 6459 6539 6604 6619 6634 6639 6649 6914 6951 6963 6968 7005 7026 7214 7225 7251 7273 7309 7317 7374 7424 7426 7498 7536 7552 7584 7606 7659 7662 7679 7743 7799 7869 7921 7969 7986 7988-7989 7997 8028 8106 8173 8195-8196 8199 8216 8220 8222 8225 8264 8269 8299 8359 8492 8506 8520 8526 8537 8557 8575 8659 8673 8675 8763 8788 8843 8895 8922 8925 8934 9009 9037 9050 9072 9133 9135 9168 9231 9236 9290 9354 9368 9401 9428 9466 9468 9508 9535 9583 9632 9855 9895 9972 9988 9992 10144 10153 10182 10210 10213 10378-10379 10401 10404 10413-10414 10422 10431 10440 10442 10444 10454 10471 10475 10512-10513 10515 10517 10519 10544 10565 10570 10628 10637 10650 10684 10691 10694 10752 10761 10769 10773 10841 10847 10856 10900 10905 10941 10977 10979 10991 11000 11027 11044 11071 11127 11180 11194 11241 11263 11270 11365 11372 11375 11424-11425 11428 11434 11438 11446 11448 11455 11460 11467 11489 11502 11591 11613-11614 11626 11666 11677 11776 11791 11822 11874 11887 11939 12025 12122-12123 12199 12241 13162 13184 13511 13522 13707 13761-13762 13907 14744 14853 14941 15015 15068 15090 15104 15112 15172 15333 15592-15593 15769 15891 15962 16072 16081 16120 16194 16197 16410 16434 16441 16453 16492 16519 16655 16664 16690 16712 16714 16755 16784 16886 16898 16956 17032 17108 17183 17235 17237 17252-17253 17286 17421 17472 17511 17519-17520 17582 17594 17598 17612 17662 17667 17674 17679 17688 17690 17696 17698-17699 17716 17721 17745 17754 17764 17804 18003 18009 18011 18013 18055 18065 18071 18081 18096 18123 18176 18184-18185 18209 18212 18241 18258 18324-18325 18335 18398 18406 18411 18456 18566 18671 18753 18757 18788 18790 18800 18809 18858 18866 18878 18895 18935 18939 18941 18948 18968 19023 19044 19095 19283 19314 19321 19363 19484 19519 19611 19625 19661 19954 20000 20014 20060-20061 20083 20171 20177 20191 20214 20237 20254 20325 20371 20481 20483 20516 20552 20601 20706 20720 20847 20874-20875 21016 21033 21134 21150 21256 21362 21763 21873 21970 21996 22577 22628 22690 22721 22746 22769 22826 22828 22830 22914 23075 23113 23178 23215 23296 23451 23474 23954 24631 24733 24740 24759 24824 24839 24912 24920-24922 24943 24951 24958 25054-25055 25079 25083-25084 25132 25205 25245 25344 25383 25563 25594 25599 25603 25610 25647 25658 25669 25680 25682 25705 25742 25769 25788 25812 25852 25889-25890 25906 25935 25942 25952 25956 25958 25960-25961 25979 25982 26028 26053 26125 26134 26161 26175 26185 26189 26195 26209 26217 26234 26245 26247 26260 26262 26265 26271 26298-26299 26303 26309 26313 26330 26336 26346 26365 26377 26393 26417 26432 26472 26561 26563 26571 26588 26596 26749 26758 26803 26808 26811 26843 26902 26916 26990 27005 27030 27041 27049 27075 27106 27122 27174 27213 27223 27242 27245-27247 27327 27340 27343 27396 27414 27462 27466 27486-27487 27491 27514-27515 27580 27604 27643 27652 27668-27669 27704 27714 27718-27719 27721 27723 27730-27731 27734 27736 27738 27742 27750 27757 27760 27763-27765 27767 27773 27803 27852-27853 27857 27860-27861 27867 27872 27907 27914 27916-27918 27934 27936-27938 27943-27946 27948 27955 27962 28032-28033 28045 28054 28075 28077 28123 28141-28143 28149 28167 28173-28174 28184 28188 28221 28226 28234 28237 28249 28251 28254 28275 28278 28291 28299 28306 28356 28360 28370 28372 28374 28377 28414 28427 28430 28448 28471 28489 28491-28492 28494-28496 28512 28515 28521-28522 28524 28529 28535 28542 28570 28593 28637 29439 30822 30879 30946 30970 31158 31360 31406 31430 31469 31532 31537 31795 32059 32396 32545 32989 33034 33116 33176 33193 33228 33323 33490 33605 33608 33610 33628 33648 33651 33702 33718 33730 33825 33835 33856 33863 33920-33921 33927 33954 33960 33968 34008 34026 34074 34121 34123 34170 34229 34272 34302 34361 34403 34471 34480 34492-34493 34521 34531 34533-34535 34540-34541 34913 35053 35055 35147 35243 35343 35389 35420 35483 35499 35536 35542 35576 35623 35631 35691 35770 35808 35928 35956 35966 35985 35987 35993 36036 36048 36062 36100 36107 36134 36156 36172 36188 36247 36258 36287 36377 36621 36623 36626 36712 36785 36789 36990 37003 37041 37388 37429 37559-37560 38139 38313 38347 38390 38655 38657 38682 38693 38704 38814 38821 38842 38852-38853 38872 38946 38956 39008 39071 39077 39079 39127 39422 39459 39613 39657 39862 40216 40279 40294 40328 40410 40433 40456 40520 40531 40642 40777 40825 41079 41326 41423 41434 41586 41987 42016 42113 42117 42120 42547 42610 42952 43233 43259 43262 43326 43339 43420 43450 43477 43503 43585 43626-43627 43677 43748 43806 43825 43828 43835 43837-43838 43843 43874 43877 43881 43891 43925 43940-43941 43945 43948 43950 43956 43977 44019 44026 44125 44236 44247 44357 44540 44554 44626 44718 44812 44857 44894 44896 44915 44921 44947 45040 45222 45305 45387 45421 45446 45463 45491 45531 45543 45587 45633 45652 45748 45754 45807 45809 45883 45914 45937 45981 45984 46001 46017 46020 46036 46079 46083 46130 46157 46166 46170 46172 46323 46363 46399 46442 46491 46495 46525 46564 46568 46571 46608 46642 46738 46794 46807 46882 46889 46910 46924 46987 46999 47047 47050 47077-47078 47178 47188 47235 47244 47383 47386 48267 48270 48323 49017https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/681/A16?format=asciiX-raydefaultJ/A+A/681/A16/tablea1List of HLX candidates obtained in this studyrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMASTERIDUnique identifier in the compiled ULX catalogmeta.idintHLXclassCategory of the HLX candidatesrc.classcharclass? Label of the source (G3)meta.code.classintnullableCSC2[0/1] Source taken from the CSC2 catalogmeta.codeint4XMM[0/1] Source taken from the 4XMMDR11 catalogmeta.codeint2SXPS[0/1] Source taken from the 2SXPS catalogmeta.codeintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainErr631-sigma position error radiusarcsecstat.error;phys.angSizefloatFluxAverage source flux in broad band (G1)mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublee_FluxError on average source flux in broad bandmW.m**-2stat.error;phot.fluxdoubleSNRSignal-to-noise ratiostat.snrfloatLXAverage X-ray luminosity in broad band1e-07Wphys.luminosity;em.X-raydoubleHRms? Medium to soft hardness ratio (G2)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableHRhm? Hard to medium hardness ratio (G2)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablefratio? log. max-to-min flux ratio between multi- instrument detections of the sourcephot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablefrcons? log. (max-err)-to-(min+err) flux ratiophot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableRAodeg? Right ascension of the optical counterpartdegpos.eq.ranullableDEodeg? Declination of the optical counterpartdegpos.eq.decnullableSepOpt? Separation of the optical counterpartarcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullableBmag? B magnitude of the optical counterpartmagphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableRmag? R magnitude of the optical counterpartmagphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatnullablepCtpOpt? Probability of the optical counterpartstat.fit.goodnessfloatnullablepAnyOpt? Probability to have any optical counterpartstat.fit.goodnessfloatnullablePGC? Principal Galaxy Catalog number of the hostmeta.idintnullableRAgdegRight Ascension (J2000) of the hostdegpos.eq.raDEgdegDeclination (J2000) of the hostdegpos.eq.decR1Semi-major axis of D25 ellipse of the hostarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatR2Semi-minor axis of D25 ellipse of the hostarcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatPAPosition angle of D25 ellipse of the hostdegpos.posAngfloatDistLuminosity distance of the hostMpcpos.angDistancefloattype? Simbad morphological type of the hostsrc.morph.typechart? HyperLEDA Hubble type of the hostsrc.morph.typefloatnullableet? HyperLEDA error on Hubble type of the hostsrc.morph.typefloatnullablespiral[0/1]? Goddard & Shamir (2020ApJS..251...28G) host is spiral (from ML on PanSTARRS image)meta.codeintnullableellipt[0/1]? Goddard & Shamir (2020ApJS..251...28G) host is elliptical (from ML on PanSTARRS image)meta.codeintnullableMstar? Stellar mass of the host in GLADE+solMassphys.massfloatnullablee_Mstar? Error on stellar mass of the host in GLADE+solMassstat.errorfloatnullablelogSFR? log. of the star-formation rate from W3 magnitude (Cluver et al., 2017ApJ...850...68C)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableGalSepGalactocentric distance from the host center (0: source is at the center, 1: is on edge)pos.angDistancefloatSepkpcPhysical separation to the primary host centerkpcpos.angDistancefloatMBH? Black hole mass if Lbol=0.24LEdd=LX*10solMassphys.massdoublenullableMstar2? Stellar mass of the secondary host (if any)solMassphys.massdoublenullableclassif[0/2]? Best classification of the source (0: AGN, 1: soft source, 2: XRB)meta.code.classintnullableoutlier? Outlier measure of the classificationmeta.code.classfloatnullablePbaC0? Probability of the AGN classstat.fit.goodnessdoublenullablePbaC1? Probability of the soft source classstat.fit.goodnessdoublenullablePbaC2? Probability of the XRB classstat.fit.goodnessdoublenullableF39Minimum flux of a ULX candidate in the host (i.e. giving LX=1e39erg/s)mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoubleNcontNumber of background contaminant expected to overlap the area of the host (Moretti et al., 2003ApJ...588..696M)meta.numberdoubleNULX? Number of initial ULX candidate in the host (from the same X-ray catalog)meta.numberintnullablePbacont? Probability of the source to be a ULX contaminantstat.fit.goodnessdoublenullableIAUNAMEName of the sourcemeta.id;meta.maincharRefOpt? Reference of the optical counterpartmeta.bibcharJ/A+A/681/A16/tablea2List of ULX candidates obtained in this studyIAUNAMEName of the sourcemeta.id;meta.maincharSNRSignal-to-noise ratiostat.snrfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMASTERIDUnique identifier in the compiled ULX catalogmeta.idintCSC2[0/1] Source taken from the CSC2 catalogmeta.codeint4XMM[0/1] Source taken from the 4XMMDR11 catalogmeta.codeint2SXPS[0/1] Source taken from the 2SXPS catalogmeta.codeintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainErr631-sigma position error radiusarcsecstat.error;phys.angSizefloatFluxAverage source flux in broad band (G1)mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublee_FluxError on average source flux in broad bandmW.m**-2stat.error;phot.fluxdoubleLXAverage X-ray luminosity in broad band1e-07Wphys.luminosity;em.X-raydoubleHRms? Medium to soft hardness ratio (G2)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullableHRhm? Hard to medium hardness ratio (G2)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablefratio? log. max-to-min flux ratio between multi- instrument detections of the sourcephot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablefrcons? log. (max-err)-to-(min+err) flux ratio between multi-instrument detectionsphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablePGC? Principal Galaxy Catalog number of the hostmeta.idintnullableRAgdegRight Ascension (J2000) of the hostdegpos.eq.raDEgdegDeclination (J2000) of the hostdegpos.eq.decR1Semi-major axis of D25 ellipse of the hostarcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatR2Semi-minor axis of D25 ellipse of the hostarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatPAPosition angle of D25 ellipse of the hostdegpos.posAngfloatDistLuminosity distance of the hostMpcpos.angDistancefloattype? Simbad morphological type of the hostsrc.morph.typechart? HyperLEDA Hubble type of the hostsrc.morph.typefloatnullableet? HyperLEDA error on Hubble type of the hostsrc.morph.typefloatnullablespiral? (Goddard&Shamir2020) host is spiral (from ML on PanSTARRS image)meta.codeintnullableellipt? (Goddard&Shamir2020) host is elliptical (from ML on PanSTARRS image)meta.codeintnullableMstar? Stellar mass of the host in GLADE+solMassphys.massdoublenullablee_Mstar? Error on stellar mass of the host in GLADE+solMassstat.errordoublenullablelogSFR? log. of the star-formation rate from W3 magnitude (Cluver et al., 2017ApJ...850...68C)log(solMass.yr**-1)phys.SFRfloatnullableGalSepGalactocentric distance from the host center (0: source is at the center, 1: is on edge)pos.angDistancefloatclass? Label of the source (G3)meta.code.classintnullableclassif[0/2]? Best classification of the source (0: AGN, 1: soft source, 2: XRB)meta.code.classintnullableoutlier? Outlier measure of the classificationmeta.code.classfloatnullablePbaC0? Probability of the AGN classstat.fit.goodnessdoublenullablePbaC1? Probability of the soft source classstat.fit.goodnessdoublenullablePbaC2? Probability of the XRB classstat.fit.goodnessdoublenullableF39? Minimum flux of a ULX candidate in the host (i.e. giving LX=1e39erg/s)mW.m**-2phot.flux;em.X-raydoublenullableNcont? Number of background contaminant expected to overlap the area of the host (Moretti et al., 2003ApJ...588..696M)meta.numberdoublenullableNULXNumber of initial ULX candidate in the host (from the same X-ray catalog)meta.numberintPbacont? Probability of the source to be a ULX contaminantstat.fit.goodnessdoublenullable