J/A+A/678/A140ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/678/A140doi:10.26093/cds/vizier/bc-n6/lbeaCDSJormanainen J.Hovatta T.Christie I.M.Lindfors E.Petropoulou M.,Liodakis I.2026-07-01T14:00:52Z2023-10-17T15:42:41ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleigamma-ray-astronomyastronomical-modelsThe origin of extremely fast variability is one of the long-standing questions in the gamma-ray astronomy of blazars. While many models explain the slower, lower energy variability, they cannot easily account for such fast flares reaching hour-to-minute time scales. Magnetic reconnection, a process where magnetic energy is converted to the acceleration of relativistic particles in the reconnection layer, is a candidate solution to this problem. In this work, we employ state-of-the-art particle-in-cell simulations in a statistical comparison with observations of a flaring episode of a well-known blazar, Mrk 421, at very high energy (VHE, E above 100GeV). We tested the predictions of our model by generating simulated VHE light curves that we compared quantitatively with methods that we have developed for a precise evaluation of theoretical and observed data. With our analysis, we can constrain the parameter space of the model, such as the magnetic field strength of the unreconnected plasma, viewing angle and the reconnection layer orientation in the blazar jet. Our analysis favours parameter spaces with magnetic field strength 0.1G, rather large viewing angles (6-8 degrees), and misaligned layer angles, offering a strong candidate explanation for the Doppler crisis often observed in the jets of high synchrotron peaking blazars.2023A&A...678A.140Jhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/678/A140CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/678/A140https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/678/A140http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/678/A140https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/678/A140https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/678/A140http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/678/A140GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapGamma-raydefaultJ/A+A/678/A140/tableb1Durations and mean fluxes of the 0.1G simulationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimulationtheta_obs_ and theta_p_meta.id;stat.fitchart200-400Duration E 200-400GeVhtime.durationintt400-800Duration E 400-800GeVhtime.durationintt800Duration E above 800GeVhtime.durationintFmean200-400Mean flux E 200-400GeVph.cm**-2.s**-1phot.flux.density;em.gamma.harddoubleFmean400-800Mean flux E 400-800GeVph.cm**-2.s**-1phot.flux.density;em.gamma.harddoubleFmean800Mean flux E above 800GeVph.cm**-2.s**-1phot.flux.density;em.gamma.harddoubleJ/A+A/678/A140/tableb2Timescale results of the 0.1G simulationsroc800Rate of change matches E abv 800GeV%stat.fit.paramfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimulationtheta_obs_ and theta_p_meta.id;stat.fitchar1-Pintrabins200-400Probability of not detecting any intrabins in the simulated light curves for E 200-400GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloat1-Pintrabins400-800Probability of not detecting any intrabins in the simulated light curves for E 400-800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloat1-Pintrabins800Probability of not detecting any intrabins in the simulated light curves for E above 800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatroc200-400Rate of change matches E 200-400GeV%stat.fit.paramfloatroc400-800Rate of change matches E 400-800GeV%stat.fit.paramfloatJ/A+A/678/A140/tableb3Flux amplitude results of the 0.1G simulationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimulationtheta_obs_ and theta_p_meta.id;stat.fitcharFdistr200-400Flux distribution matches E 200-400GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatFdistr400-800Flux distribution matches E 400-800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatFdistr800Flux distribution matches E abv 800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatFvardistr200-400[yes no] Fvar distribution matches E 200-400GeV boolmeta.codecharFvardistr400-800[yes no] Fvar distribution matches E 400-800GeV boolmeta.codecharFvardistr800[yes no] Fvar distribution matches E abv 800GeV boolmeta.codecharJ/A+A/678/A140/tableb4Spectral results of the 0.1G simulationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimulationtheta_obs_ and theta_p_meta.id;stat.fitcharmdistrSpectral slope distribution matches%meta.codefloatmmean1000Spectral slope mean of all means of 1000 samplesmeta.crypticfloats_mmean1000Standard deviation of mmean1000stat.stdevfloatJ/A+A/678/A140/tableb5Durations and mean fluxes of the 1G simulationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimulationtheta_obs_ and theta_p_meta.id;stat.fitchart200-400Duration E 200-400GeVhtime.durationfloatt400-800Duration E 400-800GeVhtime.durationfloatt800Duration E above 800GeVhtime.durationfloatFmean200-400Mean flux E 200-400GeVph.cm**-2.s**-1phot.flux.density;em.gamma.harddoubleFmean400-800Mean flux E 400-800GeVph.cm**-2.s**-1phot.flux.density;em.gamma.harddoubleFmean800Mean flux E above 800GeVph.cm**-2.s**-1phot.flux.density;em.gamma.harddoubleJ/A+A/678/A140/tableb6Timescale results of the 1G simulationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimulationtheta_obs_ and theta_p_meta.id;stat.fitchar1-Pintrabins200-400Probability of not detecting any intrabins in the simulated light curves for E 200-400GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloat1-Pintrabins400-800Probability of not detecting any intrabins in the simulated light curves for E 400-800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloat1-Pintrabins800Probability of not detecting any intrabins in the simulated light curves for E above 800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatroc200-400Rate of change matches E 200-400GeV%stat.fit.paramfloatroc400-800Rate of change matches E 400-800GeV%stat.fit.paramfloatroc800Rate of change matches E abv 800GeV%stat.fit.paramfloatJ/A+A/678/A140/tableb7Flux amplitude results of the 1G simulationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimulationtheta_obs_ and theta_p_meta.id;stat.fitcharFdistr200-400Flux distribution matches E 200-400GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatFdistr400-800Flux distribution matches E 400-800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatFdistr800Flux distribution matches E abv 800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatFvar200-400Fvar factor matches E 200-400GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatFvar400-800Fvar factor matches E 400-800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatFvar800Fvar factor matches E abv 800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatJ/A+A/678/A140/tableb8Spectral results of the 1G simulationss_mmeanStandard deviation of mmeanstat.stdevfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimulationtheta_obs_ and theta_p_meta.id;stat.fitcharmdistrSpectral slope distribution matches%meta.codefloatmmeanMean of spectral slopesmeta.crypticfloatJ/A+A/678/A140/tableb9Durations and mean fluxes of the 10G simulationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimulationtheta_obs_ and theta_p_meta.id;stat.fitchart200-400Duration E 200-400GeVhtime.durationfloatt400-800? Duration E 400-800GeVhtime.durationfloatnullablet800? Duration E above 800GeVhtime.durationfloatnullableFmean200-400Mean flux E 200-400GeVph.cm**-2.s**-1phot.flux.density;em.gamma.harddoubleFmean400-800? Mean flux E 400-800GeVph.cm**-2.s**-1phot.flux.density;em.gamma.hardcharFmean800? Mean flux E above 800GeVph.cm**-2.s**-1phot.flux.density;em.gamma.hardcharJ/A+A/678/A140/tableb10Intrabin test results of the 10G simulationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSimulationtheta_obs_ and theta_p_meta.id;stat.fitchar1-Pintrabins200-400Probability of not detecting any intrabins in the simulated light curves for E 200-400GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloat1-Pintrabins400-800? Probability of not detecting any intrabins in the simulated light curves for E 400-800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullable1-Pintrabins800? Probability of not detecting any intrabins in the simulated light curves for E above 800GeV%stat.fit.goodnessfloatnullable