J/A+A/678/A103ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/678/A103doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36780103CDSAndika I.T.Suyu S.H.Canameras R.Melo A.Schuldt S.Shu Y.,Eilers A.-C.Jaelani A.T.Yue M.2024-11-06T20:06:03Z2024-03-04T15:25:27ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frquasarsgravitational-lensingvisible-astronomysloan-photometryinfrared-photometryQuasars experiencing strong lensing offer unique viewpoints on subjects related to the cosmic expansion rate, the dark matter profile within the foreground deflectors, and the quasar host galaxies. Unfortunately, identifying them in astronomical images is challenging since they are overwhelmed by the abundance of non-lenses. To address this, we have developed a novel approach by ensembling cutting-edge convolutional networks (CNNs) - for instance, ResNet, Inception, NASNet, MobileNet, EfficientNet, and RegNet - along with vision transformers (ViTs) trained on realistic galaxy-quasar lens simulations based on the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) multiband images. While the individual model exhibits remarkable performance when evaluated against the test dataset, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of >97.3% and a median false positive rate of 3.6%, it struggles to generalize in real data, indicated by numerous spurious sources picked by each classifier. A significant improvement is achieved by averaging these CNNs and ViTs, resulting in the impurities being downsized by factors up to 50. Subsequently, combining the HSC images with the UKIRT, VISTA, and unWISE data, we retrieve approximately 60 million sources as parent samples and reduce this to 892 609 after employing a photometry preselection to discover z>1.5 lensed quasars with Einstein radii of {theta}_E_<5". Afterward, the ensemble classifier indicates 3080 sources with a high probability of being lenses, for which we visually inspect, yielding 210 prevailing candidates awaiting spectroscopic confirmation. These outcomes suggest that automated deep learning pipelines hold great potential in effectively detecting strong lenses in vast datasets with minimal manual visual inspection involved.2023A&A...678A.103Ahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/678/A103CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/678/A103https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/678/A103http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/678/A103https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/678/A103https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/678/A103http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/678/A103GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/678/A103/tableb1 (List of rediscovered strong lenses and newly found lensed quasar candidates)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/678/A103/tableb1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/678/A103/tableb1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/678/A103/tableb1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.671412.814420.0055555555555555566/4104 4109 4111 4114-4115 4117 4120 4122 8194 9831 9833 9837 9842 9884 9912 9921 9928 9986 9988 10610 10692-10693 11266 11272 17690 17694 17704 17710 17715 17717-17718 17722 17725 17728 17730 17737 17768 17771 17774 17793 17799 17805 17808-17809 17812-17813 17815-17816 17823 17859 17861 17865 18006 18021 18032-18033 18040 18074 18085-18086 18088 18687 18778 18787-18788 18790-18791 18793 18795-18796 18798 18800 18808-18809 18838 18851 18854-18855 18858 18862-18863 18866 18872 19029 19032 19062 19202 19205-19206 19229 19236 19241 19456 19458 19462 19465 21852 21854 21877 21883 25854 25918 25935 25937 25940 25942 25944-25945 25954 25956 25958 25961-25965 25968-25969 25973 25989 26002-26003 26008 26013 26018 26020 26027 26029 26032-26034 26195 26197 26203 26216 26256 26260-26261 26273 26280-26282 26288-26290 26292 26303 26338 26879 26951 26957 26959 26962-26964 26967 26971 26975 26977 26979 26995 27001 27003 27007 27019 27033-27034 27052 27069 27081 27086 27091 27106 27196 27199 27218 27225 27237 27239 27242 27247 27279 27290 27298-27299 27305 27308 27316 27318 27326 27330 27334 27346 27361 27397 27404 27649-27651 27658-27659 27666-27667 27674 27681 40957 450491.398457827073138e-19 1.7798557115773645e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/678/A103?format=asciiOpticalInfrareddefaultJ/A+A/678/A103/tableb1List of rediscovered strong lenses and newly found lensed quasar candidatesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIDIdentification numbermeta.idintNameName of the source (JDDD.ddddd+DD.ddddd, where DDD.ddddd and +DD.ddddd are, respectively, the RA and DE in decimal degrees (J2000))meta.id;meta.mainchargmagHSC g band magnitude (AB) (1)magphot.mag;em.opt.Bfloate_gmag? HSC g band magnitude 1{sigma} uncertaintymagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablermagHSC r band magnitude (AB) (1)magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloate_rmag? HSC r band magnitude 1{sigma} uncertaintymagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableimagHSC i band magnitude (AB) (1)magphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloate_imagHSC i band magnitude 1{sigma} uncertaintymagstat.error;phot.magfloatzmagHSC z band magnitude (AB) (1)magphot.mag;em.opt.Ifloate_zmagHSC z band magnitude 1{sigma} uncertaintymagstat.error;phot.magfloatymagHSC y band magnitude (AB) (1)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloate_ymagHSC y band magnitude 1{sigma} uncertaintymagstat.error;phot.magfloatJmag? NIR J-band magnitude (AB) (1)magphot.mag;em.IR.Jfloatnullablee_Jmag? NIR J-band magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableW1mag? unWISE W1-band magnitude (AB) (1)magphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umfloatnullablee_W1mag? unWISE W1-band magnitude errormagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullablePlensLens probability based on the ensemble network classificationstat.fit.goodnessfloatGradeGrade after visual inspection (2)meta.code.qualcharRef? Reference for the list of lenses or candidates published by earlier works (3)meta.ref;pos.frameintnullableGradeRefGrade reported in the referencemeta.code.qualchar_RAPosition from Name (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPosition from Name (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main