J/A+A/677/A61ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/677/A61doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36770061CDSMucciarelli A.Minelli A.Lardo C.Massari D.Bellazzini M.Romano D.,Origlia L.Ferraro F.R.2025-01-29T20:00:52Z2024-03-04T14:31:57ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmagellanic-cloudsopen-star-clustersgiant-starschemical-abundancesvisible-astronomyThe Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) is the host of a rich system of globular clusters (GCs) that span a wide age range. The chemical composition of the SMC clusters is still poorly understood, despite their significance to chemical-evolution studies. Here, we provide the first detailed chemical study of evolved giants in three distinct clusters, NGC 121 (10.5Gyr), NGC 339 (6Gyr), and NGC 419 (1.4Gyr). The results are based on high-resolution spectra obtained with FLAMES at the Very Large Telescope. The chemical fingerprints of these clusters closely resemble those of SMC field stars, supporting the SMC's specific history of chemical enrichment relative to the Milky Way. The approximately solar-scaled [{alpha}/Fe] observed in all three clusters, independent of their [Fe/H], demonstrate the SMC's low star formation efficiency. Compared to their Milky Way counterparts, elements primarily produced by massive stars are severely under-represented. In particular, the young cluster NGC 419's extremely low [Zn/Fe] shows that hypernovae have contributed relatively little during the past 2Gyr. The three GCs have high [Eu/Fe] values regardless of their age. This suggests that the production of the r-process elements in the SMC was extremely efficient up to 1.5Gyr ago, with an enrichment timescale comparable to that from Type Ia supernovae. When the properties of the oldest SMC object, NGC 121, are compared to those of in situ Milky Way clusters and accreted clusters linked to the Gaia-Enceladus merger event, it is shown that the SMC had already attained the same metallicity as Gaia-Enceladus but with lower [Fe/H] ratios at the age of NGC 121. This suggests that the chemical enrichment histories of the early SMC and Gaia-Enceladus differed, and that the SMC probably had a lower mass in its early ages than Gaia-Enceladus.2023A&A...677A..61Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/677/A61CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/671/A124 : Chemical composition of 206 SMC red giants (Mucciarelli+ 2023)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/677/A61https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/677/A61http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/677/A61https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/677/A61https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/677/A61http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/677/A61GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A61/table2 (Adopted atmospheric parameters for SMC GC targets)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A61/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A61/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A61/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.6842639-71.53675930.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A61/tablea (MW GCs average abundance ratios together with the corresponding standard error and dispersion of the mean)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A61/tablea?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A61/tablea?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A61/tablea?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.0223292-72.08144440.0055555555555555566/12405 16647 21017 24843 25873 31417 33287 33304 33321 33323 34242 37294 42076 42990 44086 47125 47971 48434https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/677/A61?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/677/A61/table2Adopted atmospheric parameters for SMC GC targetsTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatvtMicro=turbulent velocitykm/sphys.velocfloatRVRadial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RVRadial velocity errorkm/sstat.errorfloatSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableIDStar IDmeta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintInstSpectrum instrument namemeta.id;instrcharClusterCluster namemeta.id.parentcharJ/A+A/677/A61/table3Chemical abundances for the SMC GC starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster namemeta.id.parentcharIDStar numbermeta.id;meta.mainint[Fe/H]Abundance [Fe/H]phys.abund.Fefloate_[Fe/H]Abundance e_[Fe/H] errorstat.error;phys.abund.Fefloat[FeII/H]? Abundance [FeII/H]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[FeII/H]? Abundance [FeII/H] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Si/Fe]Abundance [Si/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[Si/Fe]Abundance [Si/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloat[Ca/Fe]Abundance [Ca/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[Ca/Fe]Abundance [Ca/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloat[ScII/Fe]? Abundance [ScII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[ScII/Fe]? Abundance [ScII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Ti/Fe]Abundance [Ti/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[Ti/Fe]Abundance [Ti/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloat[V/Fe]Abundance [V/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[V/Fe]Abundance [V/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloat[Cr/Fe]Abundance [Cr/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[Cr/Fe]Abundance [Cr/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloat[Mn/Fe]? Abundance [Mn/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[Mn/Fe]? Abundance [Mn/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Co/Fe]Abundance [Co/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[Co/Fe]Abundance [Co/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatJ/A+A/677/A61/table4Chemical abundances for the SMC GC stars[LaII/Fe]Abundance [LaII/Fe]phys.abundfloat[Ni/Fe]Abundance [Ni/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[Ni/Fe]Abundance e_[Ni/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloat[Cu/Fe]? Abundance [Cu/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[Cu/Fe]? Abundance [Cu/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Zn/Fe]? Abundance [Zn/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[Zn/Fe]? Abundance [Zn/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Y/Fe]? Abundance [Y/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[Y/Fe]? Abundance [Y/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[Zr/Fe]Abundance [Zr/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[Zr/Fe]Abundance [Zr/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloat[BaII/Fe]Abundance [BaII/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[BaII/Fe]Abundance [BaII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloate_[LaII/Fe]Abundance [LaII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloat[NdII/Fe]? Abundance [NdII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[NdII/Fe]? Abundance [NdII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullable[EuII/Fe]? Abundance [EuII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[EuII/Fe]? Abundance [EuII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullableClusterCluster namemeta.id.parentcharIDStar numbermeta.id;meta.mainintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintJ/A+A/677/A61/tableaMW GCs average abundance ratios together with the corresponding standard error and dispersion of the meanrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint[Fe/H]? Average abundance ratio of [Fe/H]phys.abund.Fe;arith.ratio;stat.meanfloatnullablee_[Fe/H]? Average abundance ratio of [Fe/H] errorstat.error;phys.abund.Fefloatnullables_[Fe/H]? Dispersion of the mean for [Fe/H]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloatnullable[Si/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [Si/Fe]phys.abund;arith.ratio;stat.meanfloatnullablee_[Si/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [Si/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullables_[Si/Fe]? Dispersion of the mean for [Si/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloatnullable[Ca/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [Ca/Fe]phys.abund;arith.ratio;stat.meanfloatnullablee_[Ca/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [Ca/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullables_[Ca/Fe]? Dispersion of the mean for [Ca/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloatnullable[Ti/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [Ti/Fe]phys.abund;arith.ratio;stat.meanfloatnullablee_[Ti/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [Ti/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullables_[Ti/Fe]? Dispersion of the mean for [Ti/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloatnullable[TiII/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [TiII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[TiII/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [TiII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullables_[TiII/Fe]? Dispersion of the mean for [TiII/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloatnullable[ScII/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [ScII/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[ScII/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [ScII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[ScII/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [ScII/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat[V/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [V/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[V/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [V/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[V/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [V/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat[Cr/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [Cr/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[Cr/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [Cr/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[Cr/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [Cr/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat[Mn/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [Mn/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[Mn/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [Mn/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[Mn/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [Mn/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat[Co/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [Co/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[Co/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [Co/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[Co/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [Co/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat[Ni/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [Ni/Fe]phys.abund;arith.ratio;stat.meanfloate_[Ni/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [Ni/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[Ni/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [Ni/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat[Cu/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [Cu/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[Cu/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [Cu/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullables_[Cu/Fe]? Dispersion of the mean for [Cu/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloatnullablee_[Zn/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [Zn/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[Zn/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [Zn/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat[YII/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [YII/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[YII/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [YII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[YII/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [YII/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat[Zr/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [Zr/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[Zr/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [Zr/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullables_[Zr/Fe]? Dispersion of the mean for [Zr/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloatnullable[BaII/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [BaII/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[BaII/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [BaII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[BaII/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [BaII/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat[LaII/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [LaII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablee_[LaII/Fe]? Average abundance ratio of [LaII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloatnullables_[LaII/Fe]? Dispersion of the mean for [LaII/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloatnullable[NdII/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [NdII/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[NdII/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [NdII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[NdII/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [NdII/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat[EuII/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [EuII/Fe]phys.abundfloate_[EuII/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [EuII/Fe] errorstat.error;phys.abundfloats_[EuII/Fe]Dispersion of the mean for [EuII/Fe]instr.dispersion;stat.meanfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main[Zn/Fe]Average abundance ratio of [Zn/Fe]phys.abundfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharClusterCluster namemeta.id;meta.mainchar