J/A+A/677/A35ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/677/A35doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36770035CDSSaroon S.Dias B.Tsujimotto T.Parisi M.C.Maia F.Kerber L.,Bekki K.Minniti D.Oliveira R.A.P.Westera P.Katime Santrich O.J.,Bica E.Sanmartim D.Correa Quint B.Fraga L.2024-11-06T20:05:58Z2023-08-29T08:28:17ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmagellanic-cloudsstellar-associationsccd-photometryvisible-astronomyThe chemical evolution history of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) has been a matter of debate for decades. The challenges in understanding the SMC chemical evolution are related to a very slow star formation rate (SFR) combined with bursts triggered by the multiple interactions between the SMC and the Large Magellanic Cloud, a significant (~0.5dex) metallicity dispersion for the SMC cluster population younger than about 7.5Gyr, and multiple chemical evolution models tracing very different paths through the observed age-metallicity relation of the SMC. There is no doubt that these processes were complex. Therefore, a step-by-step strategy is required in order to better understand the SMC chemical evolution. We adopted an existing framework to split the SMC into regions on the sky, and we focus on the west halo in this work, which contains the oldest and most metal-poor stellar populations and is moving away from the SMC, that is, in an opposite motion with respect to the Magellanic Bridge. We present a sample containing ~60% of all west halo clusters to represent the region well, and we identify a clear age-metallicity relation with a tight dispersion that exhibits a 0.5dex metallicity dip about 6Gyr ago. We ran chemical evolution models and discuss possible scenarios to explain this metallicity dip, the most likely being a major merger accelerating the SFR after the event. This merger should be combined with inefficient internal gas mixing within the SMC and different SFRs in different SMC regions because the same metallicity dip is not seen in the AMR of the SMC combining clusters from all regions. We try to explain the scenario to better understand the SMC chemo-dynamical history.2023A&A...677A..35Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/677/A35CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/677/A35https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/677/A35http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/677/A35https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/677/A35https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/677/A35http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/677/A35GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/k9 (K9 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k9?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k9?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k9?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true7.45396836286-73.40409926893540.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/b1 (B1 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/b1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/b1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/b1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true4.7946102519478-74.12106477378340.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/ngc152 (NGC152 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/ngc152?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/ngc152?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/ngc152?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true8.1987871594617-73.12323156637130.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/b2 (B2 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/b2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/b2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/b2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true4.7387872590619-74.55121978093620.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/k6 (K6 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.3218846601374-74.06591222138840.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/k8 (K8 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k8?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k8?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k8?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.9894087296999-73.28421774629870.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/b4 (B4 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/b4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/b4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/b4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.2673747828729-73.00553485897810.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/k7 (K7 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k7?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k7?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k7?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.8720446886852-72.7885904233790.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/l14 (L14 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/l14?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/l14?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/l14?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true8.1760113519588-72.58085371216540.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/k11 (K11 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k11?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k11?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/k11?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true9.1635551720465-72.50098586495650.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/l2 (L2 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/l2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/l2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/l2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true3.2801713798858-73.50008941253160.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/hw1 (HW1 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/hw1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/hw1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/hw1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true4.6137572380556-73.37195985239350.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/am3 (AM3 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/am3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/am3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/am3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true357.2093325025866-72.95179106122870.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/hw5 (HW5 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/hw5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/hw5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/hw5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true7.8262317997077-72.34379093396440.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A35/ngc121 (NGC121 cluster positions and magnitudes)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/ngc121?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/ngc121?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A35/ngc121?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true6.6969760223352-71.53347568312170.0055555555555555566/33291 33313-33316 33318 33323-33324 453322.367228618189496e-19 3.852589004194616e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/677/A35?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/677/A35/table1Best fitted parameters for the 15 SMC west halo clusters analysed in this workSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterCluster namemeta.id;meta.maincharAgeAge of the cluster derived from the best fitted isochroneGyrtime.agefloate_AgeError in the age estimateGyrstat.error;time.agefloat[Fe/H]Metallicity of the cluster derived from the best fitted isochronephys.abund.Zfloate_[Fe/H]Error in the metallicity estimatestat.error;phys.abund.FefloatDDistance of the cluster derived from the best fitted isochronekpcpos.distancefloate_DError in the distance estimatekpcstat.errorfloatAvReddening value of the cluster derived from the best fittedmagphys.absorptionfloate_AvError in the reddening estimatemagstat.errorfloatTableName of the table with VI photometrymeta.id;phot;meta.tablecharJ/A+A/677/A35/k9K9 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/b1B1 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/ngc152NGC152 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/b2B2 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/k6K6 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/k8K8 cluster positions and magnitudese_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/b4B4 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/k7K7 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/l14L14 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/k11K11 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/l2L2 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/hw1HW1 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/am3AM3 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/hw5HW5 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableJ/A+A/677/A35/ngc121NGC121 cluster positions and magnitudesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmag? V magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vdoublenullablee_Vmag? Error in V magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullableImag? I magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Idoublenullablee_Imag? Error in I magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magdoublenullable