J/A+A/677/A33ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/677/A33doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36770033CDSBonomo A.S.Dumusque X.Massa A.Mortier A.Bongiolatti R.,Malavolta L.Sozzetti A.Buchhave L.A.Damasso M.Haywood R.D.,Morbidelli A.Latham D.W.Molinari E.Pepe F.Poretti E.Udry S.,Affer L.Boschin W.Charbonneau D.Cosentino R.Cretignier M.,Ghedina A.Lega E.Lopez-Morales M.Margini M.Martinez Fiorenzano A.F.,Mayor M.Micela G.Pedani M.Pinamonti M.Rice K.Sasselov D.,Tronsgaard R.Vanderburg A.2024-11-06T20:05:56Z2023-08-29T08:25:51ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsexoplanetsThe exoplanet population characterized by relatively short orbital periods (P<100d) around solar-type stars is dominated by super-Earths and sub-Neptunes. However, these planets are missing in our Solar System and the reason behind this absence is still unknown. Two theoretical scenarios invoke the role of Jupiter as the possible culprit: Jupiter may have acted as a dynamical barrier to the inward migration of sub-Neptunes from beyond the water iceline; alternatively, Jupiter may have considerably reduced the inward flux of material (pebbles) required to form super-Earths inside that iceline. Both scenarios predict an anti-correlation between the presence of small planets and that of cold Jupiters in exoplanetary systems. To test that prediction, we homogeneously analyzed the radial-velocity measurements of 38 Kepler and K2 transiting small planet systems gathered over nearly ten years with the HARPS-N spectrograph, as well as publicly available radial velocities collected with other facilities. We used Bayesian differential evolution Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques, which in some cases were coupled with Gaussian process regression to model non-stationary variations due to stellar magnetic activity phenomena. We detected five cold Jupiters in three systems: two in Kepler-68, two in Kepler-454, and a very eccentric one in K2-312. We also found linear trends caused by bound companions in Kepler-93, Kepler-454, and K2-12, with slopes that are still compatible with a planetary mass for outer bodies in the Kepler-454 and K2-12 systems. By using binomial statistics and accounting for the survey completeness, we derived an occurrence rate of 9.3^+7.7^_-2.9_% for cold Jupiters with 0.3-13M_Jup_ and 1-10AU, which is lower but still compatible at 1.3{sigma} with the value measured from radial-velocity surveys for solar-type stars, regardless of the presence or absence of small planets. The sample is not large enough to draw a firm conclusion about the predicted anti-correlation between small planets and cold Jupiters; nevertheless, we found no evidence of previous claims of an excess of cold Jupiters in small planet systems. As an important byproduct of our analyses, we homogeneously determined the masses of 64 Kepler and K2 small planets, reaching a precision better than 5, 7.5, and 10{sigma} for 25, 13, and 8 planets, respectively. Finally, we release the 3661 HARPS-N radial velocities used in this work to the scientific community. These radial-velocity measurements mainly benefit from an improved data reduction software that corrects for subtle prior systematic effects.2023A&A...677A..33Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/677/A33CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toV/133 : Kepler Input Catalog (Kepler Mission Team, 2009)IV/34 : K2 Ecliptic Plane Input Catalog (EPIC) (Huber+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/677/A33https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/677/A33http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/677/A33https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/677/A33https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/677/A33http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/677/A33GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/677/A33/table1 (Kepler and K2 systems in our sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A33/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A33/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/677/A33/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true285.679416750.24130560.0055555555555555566/270 376 4309 4673 14573 14581 14584-14585 14744 14767 14826 14830 14918 14924 14929-14930 14939 14968 15060 15119 15121 15131 15149 18147 18350 18361 18434 18785-18786 18800 25443 25673 25723 26977 27001 27085 44317https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/677/A33?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/677/A33/table1Kepler and K2 systems in our samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSystemName of the systemmeta.id;meta.maincharONameOther namemeta.idcharMult[ms] Multiplicity of transiting planetsmeta.codecharMsStellar masssolMassphys.massfloate_MsError on stellar mass (lower value)solMassstat.errorfloatAgeAgeGyrtime.agefloatE_MsError on stellar mass (uuper value)solMassstat.error;stat.maxfloatRsStellar radiussolRadphys.size.radiusfloate_RsError on stellar radius (lower value)solRadstat.errorfloatE_RsError on stellar radius (uuper value)solRadstat.error;stat.maxfloatTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_TeffEffective temperature errorKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveinte_AgeError on age (lower value)Gyrstat.error;time.agefloatE_AgeError on age (uuper value)Gyrstat.error;stat.maxfloatl_[Fe/H]Limit flag on [Fe/H]meta.code.error;phys.abund.Fechar[Fe/H]? Metallicityphys.abund.Zfloatnullablee_[Fe/H]? Error on [Fe/H] (lower value)stat.error;phys.abund.FefloatnullableE_[Fe/H]? Error on [Fe/H] (uuper value)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableNRVNumber of radial velocities from all surveysmeta.numberintNRVHNNumber of HARPS-N radial velocitiesmeta.numberintNDatNumber of radial-velocity datasetsmeta.numberintn_NDat[1]? Note on NDat (1)meta.noteintnullableDurTotal duration of the radial-velocity time seriesdtime.durationintRefsLiterature references for both the stellar parameters and the radial-velocity measurements (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharVCShow the Radial Velocity curvesmeta.ref.urlchar_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/677/A33/tablea1Orbital and physical parameters of the 65 transiting Kepler and K2 planetse_RpPlanetary radius error (lower value)(6.3781x10+6m)stat.errorfloatE_RpPlanetary radius error (upper value)(6.3781x10+6m)stat.error;stat.maxfloatl_rhopLimit flag on rhopmeta.code.errorcharSystemSystem namemeta.id.parentcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNamePlanet namemeta.id;meta.maincharONameOther planet namemeta.idcharTcTransit mid-timedtime.agedoublee_TcTransit mid-time errordstat.errordoublePerOrbital perioddtime.perioddoublee_PerOrbital period errordstat.errordoublen_Per[2]? Note on Per (1)meta.noteintnullableRpPlanetary radius(6.3781x10+6m)phys.angSize;srcfloatiOrbital inclinationdegsrc.orbital.inclinationfloate_iOrbital inclination error (lower value)degstat.errorfloatE_iOrbital inclination error (upper value)degstat.error;stat.maxfloatl_eLimit flag on emeta.code.errorchareOrbital eccentricitysrc.orbital.eccentricityfloate_e? Orbital eccentricity errorstat.errorfloatnullablen_e[f] f for fixedmeta.notecharl_KLimit flag on Kmeta.code.errorcharKRadial-velocity semi-amplitudem/sphys.veloc;src.orbitalfloate_K? Radial-velocity semi-amplitude error (lower value)m/sstat.errorfloatnullableE_K? Radial-velocity semi-amplitude error (upper value)m/sstat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablel_MpLimit flag on Mpmeta.code.errorcharMpPlanet mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloate_Mp? Planet mass error (lower value)(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.errorfloatnullableE_Mp? Planet mass error (upper value)(5.97236x10+24kg)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablerhopDensity errorg.cm**-3stat.error;phys.densityfloate_rhop? Density error (lower value)g.cm**-3stat.errorfloatnullableE_rhop? Density error (upper value)g.cm**-3stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablel_loggpLimit flag on loggpmeta.code.errorcharloggpSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloate_loggp? Surface gravity error (lower value)log(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullableE_loggp? Surface gravity error (upper value)log(cm.s**-2)stat.error;stat.maxfloatnullableaSemi-major axisAUphys.size.smajAxisdoublee_aSemi-major axis error (lower value)AUstat.errordoubleE_aSemi-major axis error (upper value)AUstat.error;stat.maxdoubleTeqEquilibrium temperature (3)Kphys.temperaturefloate_TeqEquilibrium temperature errorKstat.errorfloatFpStellar incident flux (in Earth flux unit)Earthphot.flux.densitydoublee_FpStellar incident flux error (lower value) (in Earth flux unit)Earthstat.errorfloatE_FpStellar incident flux error (upper value) (in Earth flux unit)Earthstat.error;stat.maxfloatRefRefeferences for the transit parameters, in refs.dat file (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharJ/A+A/677/A33/refsReferencesBibCodeBibCodemeta.bib.bibcodecharAutAuthor's namemeta.bib.authorcharComCommentsmeta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference numbermeta.id;meta.maincharJ/A+A/677/A33/table2HARPS-N measurements of radial velocity and activity indicatorsSystemName of the planetary system or host starmeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintn_System[HN-1 HN-2] Note on System (1)meta.notecharTimeEpochs of measurements TDB (BJD-2450000)dtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocity (2)m/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RV1-sigma uncertainty of the radial velocitym/sstat.errorfloatFWHM? Full with at half maximum of the cross correlation functionm/sstat.correlationdoublenullablee_FWHM? 1-sigma uncertainty of the full with at half maximumm/sstat.error;phys.angSizefloatnullableC? Contrast of the cross correlation function%phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_C? 1-sigma uncertainty of the contrast%stat.errorfloatnullableBIS? Bisector span of the cross correlation functionm/sphys.velocfloatnullablee_BIS? 1-sigma uncertainty of the bisector spanm/sstat.errorfloatnullableSMW? CaII H&K Mount Wilson S index (3)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_SMW? 1-sigma uncertainty of the S index (3)stat.errorfloatnullablelog(R'HK)? logarithm of the R'_HK_ activity index (3)phot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_log(R'HK)? 1-sigma uncertainty of the logarithm of the R'_HK_ activity index (3)stat.errorfloatnullable