J/A+A/672/A27ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/672/A27doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36720027CDSBilek M.Duc P.-A.Sola E.2024-11-06T20:03:37Z2023-03-27T09:56:37ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frgalaxiescatalogschemical-abundancesgalaxy-classification-systemsEarly-type galaxies (ETGs) are divided into slow and fast rotators (FRs and SRs) according to the degree of ordered rotation of their stellar populations. Cosmological hydrodynamical simulations indicate that galaxies form as FRs before their rotational support decreases, usually because of mergers. We aimed to investigate this process observationally for galaxies outside of clusters. We made use of the fact that different merger types leave different traces that have different lifetimes. We statistic ally analyzed multiple characteristics of galaxies that are expected to be influenced by mergers, such as tidal features, kinematically distinct cores, and stellar ages. They were taken from the MATLAS and ATLAS3D databases. Through multilinear regression we identified the quantities that, at a fixed mass and environmental density of the galaxy, significantly correlate with a measure of the ordered rotation of the galaxy, lambda^N^_Re_. We found a negative correlation of the rotational support with the occurrence of tidal disturbances and kinematic substructures, and a positive correlation with metallicity and metallicity gradients. For massive galaxies, the rotational support correlates negatively with the abundance of alpha elements, and for the galaxies in low-density environments, it correlates negatively with the central photometric cuspiness. These and additional literature observational constraints are explained the easiest if the mergers that decreased the rotational support of ETGs were typically minor, wet, and happening at z~2. They did not form the currently observed tid al features. The observed frequency of tidal features implies a merging rate of 0.07-0.2 per Gyr. This is insufficient to explain the observed growth of the radii of ETGs with redshift by mergers.2023A&A...672A..27Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/672/A27CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/MNRAS/413/813 : ATLAS^3D^ project. I. (Cappellari+, 2011)J/MNRAS/416/1680 : ATLAS^3D^ project. VII. (Cappellari+, 2011)J/MNRAS/448/3484 : ATLAS^3D^ project. XXX (McDermid+, 2015)J/A+A/635/A129 : ATLAS^3D^ sample metallicity and age gradientshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/672/A27https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/672/A27http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/672/A27https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/672/A27https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/672/A27http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/672/A27GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/672/A27/table (Complete dataset analyzed in the paper)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A27/table?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A27/table?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A27/table?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true146.4722333-0.26912220.0055555555555555565/4581 6/664 697 2145 2374 4439 4447 4565 4807 4829 4840 4869 4930 4989 5021 5075 5125 5134 5182 5196 5198 5288 5398 5429 5474 5599 5745 5773 5975 5999 6012 6082 6087 6089-6090 6093 6097 6099 6103 6162 7214 7287 7355 7374 7385 7424 7442 7460 7560 8193 8195-8196 9186 10454 10501 10523 10551 10637 10714 10720 10739 10924 11026 11246 11435 11443 11457 11776 11791 11800 11824 13336 13401 15056 15204 17744 17761 18002 18209 18269 18755 18766 19442 20014 20101 22740 22914 23177-23178 25893 25907 25979 26055 26065 26125 26149 26166 26173 26210 26307 26313 26316 26361 27079 27135 27186 27199 27255 27367 27480 27515 27518 27578 27582 27595 27604 27669 27671 27712 27714 27720 27722 27755 27758 28045 28200 28221 28264 28300 28311 28362 28495 28524 28538 28653 31340 31453-31454 31624 32168-32169 32482 32539 36819 36831 40952https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/672/A27?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/672/A27/tableComplete dataset analyzed in the paperc-anyTForDI[-1/2]? Cleaned anyTForDImeta.codedoublenullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharlogMJAMlog10 of JAM mass (derived from data in Cappellari et al., 2013MNRAS.432.1709C)log(solMass)phys.massfloatlogrho10log10 of rho_10_ environmental density (source Cappellari et al., 2011MNRAS.416.1680C)log(Mpc**-3)phys.densityfloatepsepsilon_e_ ellipticity (source Emsellem et al., 2011MNRAS.416.1680C)src.ellipticityfloatsh[0/2] Shell presence rating (source Bilek et al., 2020MNRAS.498.2138B) (2)meta.codefloatst[0/2] Stream presence rating (source Bilek et al., 2020MNRAS.498.2138B) (2)meta.codefloattail[0/2] Tail presence rating (source Bilek et al., 2020MNRAS.498.2138B) (2)meta.codefloatDI[0/2]? Rating of presence of disturbed isophotes (source Bilek et al., 2020MNRAS.498.2138B) (2)meta.codefloatnullableanyTF[0/2] Rating of presence of any tidal features (2)meta.codefloatanyTForDI[0/2]? Rating of presence of any tidal features or disturbed isophotes (2)meta.codefloatnullablec-stfrCleaned stfrmeta.numberdoublec-tailfrCleaned tailfrmeta.numberdoublealpha? SSP stellar alpha element abundance (source McDermid et al., 2015MNRAS.448.3484M)phys.abundfloatnullablealphagrGradient of SSP stellar alpha element abundance (source Krajnovic et al., 2020A&A...635A.129K)phys.abundfloatc-sh[-1/2] Cleaned shmeta.codedoublec-st[-1/2] Cleaned stmeta.codedoublec-tail[-1/2] Cleaned tailmeta.codedoublec-DI[-2/2]? Cleaned DImeta.codedoublenullablec-anyTF[-1/2] Cleaned anyTFmeta.codedoublec-dust[-1/2] Cleaned dustmeta.codedoublec-KDC[-1/1] Cleaned KDCmeta.codedoublec-CRC[-1/1] Cleaned CRCmeta.codedoublec-KT[-1/1] Cleaned KTmeta.codedoublec-2sig[-1/1] Cleaned 2sigmeta.codedoublec-noKinf[-1/1] Cleaned noKinfmeta.codedoublec-logRemajCleaned logRe_majphys.size.radiusdoublec-gam? Cleaned gammeta.crypticdoublenullablec-age? Cleaned agetime.agedoublenullablec-agegrCleaned agegrtime.agedoublec-Z? Cleaned Zphys.abund.Zdoublenullablec-ZgrCleaned Zgrphys.abund.Zdoublec-alpha? Cleaned alphaphys.abunddoublenullablec-alphagrCleaned alphagrphys.abunddouble_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameGalaxy name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharlamSpecific angular momentum parameter lambda_Re_ (source Emsellem et al., 2011MNRAS.416.1680C)stat.fit.paramfloatc-shfrCleaned shfrmeta.numberdoubleshfrFrequency of shells (source Bilek et al., 2020MNRAS.498.2138B)meta.numberfloatstfrFrequency of streams (source Bilek et al., 2020MNRAS.498.2138B)meta.numberfloattailfrFrequency of tails (source Bilek et al., 2020MNRAS.498.2138B)meta.numberfloatdust[0/2] Dust presence rating (source Bilek et al., 2020MNRAS.498.2138B) (2)meta.codefloatKDC[0/1] Presence of a kinematically distinct core (source Krajnovic et al., 2011MNRAS.414.2923K)meta.codefloatCRC[0/1] Presence of a counter-rotating core (source Krajnovic et al., 2011MNRAS.414.2923K)meta.codefloatKT[0/1] presence of a kinematic twist (source Krajnovic et al., 2011MNRAS.414.2923K)meta.codefloat2sig[0/1] presence of a two-sigma feature (source Krajnovic et al., 2011MNRAS.414.2923K)meta.codefloatnoKinf[0/1] no kinematic substructure is presentmeta.codefloatlogRemajlog10 of R_e_^maj^ radius (derived from data in Cappellari et al., 2013MNRAS.432.1709C and distances in Cappellari et al., 2011MNRAS.413..813C)log(kpc)phys.size.radiusdoublegam? gamma' slope of the central photometric profile (source Krajnovic et al., 2020A&A...635A.129K)meta.crypticfloatnullableage? SSP stellar age (source McDermid et al., 2015MNRAS.448.3484M)Gyrtime.agefloatnullableagegrgradient of SSP stellar age (source Krajnovic et al., 2020A&A...635A.129K)time.agefloatZ? SSP stellar metallicity (source McDermid et al., 2015MNRAS.448.3484M)phys.abund.ZfloatnullableZgrGradient of SSP stellar metallicity (source Krajnovic et al., 2020A&A...635A.129K)phys.abund.Zfloat