J/A+A/672/A163ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/672/A163doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36720163CDSOei M.S.S.L.van Weeren R.J.Gast A.R.D.J.G.I.B.Botteon A.,Hardcastle M.J.Dabhade P.Shimwell T.W.Roettgering H.J.A.Drabent A.2023-10-13T13:57:57Z2023-04-19T08:32:28ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleiradio-sourcesredshiftedgalaxy-classification-systemsContext: Many massive galaxies launch jets from the accretion disk of their central black hole, but only ~10^3^ instances are known in which the associated outflows form giant radio galaxies (GRGs, or giants): luminous structures of megaparsec extent that consist of atomic nuclei, relativistic electrons, and magnetic fields. Large samples are imperative to understanding the enigmatic growth of giants, and recent systematic searches in homogeneous surveys constitute a promising development. For the first time, it is possible to perform meaningful precision statistics with GRG lengths, but a framework to do so is missing. Aims: We measured the intrinsic GRG length distribution by combining a novel statistical framework with a LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) DR2 sample of freshly discovered giants. In turn, this allowed us to answer an array of questions on giants. For example, we can now assess how rare a 5Mpc giant is compared to one of 1Mpc, and how much larger - given a projected length - the corresponding intrinsic length is expected to be. Notably, we can now also infer the GRG number density in the Local Universe. Methods: We assumed the intrinsic GRG length distribution to be Paretian (i.e. of power-law form) with tail index {xi}, and predicted the observed distribution by modelling projection and selection effects. To infer {xi}, we also systematically searched the LoTSS DR2 for hitherto unknown giants and compiled the largest catalogue of giants to date. Results: We show that if intrinsic GRG lengths are Pareto distributed with index {xi}, then projected GRG lengths are also Pareto distributed with index {xi}. Selection effects induce curvature in the observed projected GRG length distribution: angular length selection flattens it towards the lower end, while surface brightness selection steepens it towards the higher end. We explicitly derived a GRG's posterior over intrinsic lengths given its projected length, laying bare the {xi} dependence. We also discovered 2060 giants within the LoTSS DR2; our sample more than doubles the known population. Spectacular discoveries include the largest, second-largest, and fourth-largest GRG known (lp=5.1Mpc, lp=5.0Mpc, and lp=4.8Mpc), the largest GRG known hosted by a spiral galaxy (lp=2.5Mpc), and the largest secure GRG known beyond redshift 1 (lp=3.9Mpc). We increase the number of known giants whose angular length exceeds that of the Moon from 10 to 23; among the discoveries is the angularly largest known radio galaxy in the Northern Sky, which is also the angularly largest known GRG ({phi}=2{deg} Combining theory and data, we determined that intrinsic GRG lengths are well described by a Pareto distribution, and measured the index {xi}=-3.5+/-0.5. This implies that, given its projected length, a GRG's intrinsic length is expected to be just 15% larger. Finally, we determined the comoving number density of giants in the Local Universe to be n_GRG_=5+/-2 (100Mpc)^-3^. Conclusions: We developed a practical mathematical framework that elucidates the statistics of giant radio galaxy lengths. Through a LoTSS DR2 search, we also discovered 2060 new giants. By combining both advances, we determined that intrinsic GRG lengths are well described by a Pareto distribution with index {xi}=-3.5+/-0.5, and that giants are truly rare in a cosmological sense: most clusters and filaments of the Cosmic Web are not currently home to a giant. Thus, our work yields new observational constraints for analytical models and simulations featuring radio galaxy growth.2023A&A...672A.163Ohttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/672/A163CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/659/A1 : LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) DR2 (Shimwell+, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/672/A163https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/672/A163http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/672/A163https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/672/A163https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/672/A163http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/672/A163GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/672/A163/tablef1 (Properties of the 2060 giant radio galaxies ('GRGs' or 'giants') discovered during the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) DR2 pipeline products search)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A163/tablef1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A163/tablef1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A163/tablef1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true124.9850832.5937960.0055555555555555565/516 1876 2723 6/141 176 215 251 273 275 392 571 580 600 609 653 655 657 663 685 695 700 702 706 713 715-716 718 729-730 737 742 745 747-748 758 761 821 900 902 906 922 929 940-941 946 951 985 987 998 1005 1010 1082 1089 1174 1490 1500 1904 2053 2061-2062 2075-2077 2089 2091 2103 2106-2107 2112 2119 2142 2144 2151 2154 2159 2169 2184 2192-2193 2196 2210 2217 2221 2231 2239 2285 2287 2297 2299 2314 2331 2365 2367 2378 2391 2396 2398 2401 2409 2411 2427 2435 2450 2464 2468 2501 2503 2514 2516 2521 2560 2565 2575-2576 2579 2585-2586 2595 2601 2608 2614 2619 2621 2635 2637-2638 2640 2645 2647 2658 2665 2691 2701 2705-2706 2716 2880 3104 3202 3812 3880 3884 3894 3914 3949 3964 4059 4063 4081 4270 4318 4336 4349 4432 4444 4460 4465 4472-4473 4476 4479 4508 4511 4514-4515 4522 4535 4552 4560 4605-4606 4623 4635 4642-4643 4655 4658 4663 4669 4747 4755 4844 4846-4847 4850 4853 4859 4862 4890 4914 4916 4925 4946 4951-4952 4955 4962-4963 4966 4969 4975 4977-4978 4980 4989 4995 4999-5000 5005 5007 5014-5015 5018 5020 5026 5029 5031 5035 5038 5044 5047-5049 5053 5055 5061-5063 5069 5077-5079 5081 5083 5089-5090 5099 5101 5103 5108 5111 5114 5120 5128 5130 5152 5202 5210-5211 5213-5214 5219 5221 5225 5228 5230 5235 5237 5239 5245-5247 5255 5263 5270 5273 5276-5277 5279 5283 5286-5287 5298 5305 5311-5313 5316 5321 5327 5333-5334 5345-5347 5364 5366-5370 5372 5375 5377-5378 5381 5386 5389 5391 5411-5412 5417 5426-5427 5429-5430 5432-5433 5436-5438 5443 5445 5448-5449 5457 5460 5464 5466 5473 5480 5483 5485-5486 5489 5492 5505-5506 5510 5516-5517 5521-5522 5532-5533 5536 5538 5546-5548 5550 5552 5616 5632 5635 5640-5641 5643-5646 5657 5662 5664 5666-5668 5676 5686 5692 5697 5709 5711-5712 5714 5716 5718 5725 5738 5744 5750 5752-5753 5756 5764 5767 5771 5774-5775 5781 5786-5787 5795 5800 5802 5804 5807 5815 5818 5821-5822 5825-5826 5831-5832 5844 5849 5855 5860 5877 5881-5883 5885 5888-5889 5893 5897 5899 5902 5904 5906 5926 5930-5931 5934-5935 5947 5974 5977 5999 6005-6006 6009 6015 6017-6018 6020 6023 6025 6034 6041 6044 6048-6050 6052-6053 6055 6057-6058 6067-6068 6070 6072 6075 6094 6097 6104-6105 6110-6111 6113 6115 6120-6121 6130 6133 6138-6139 6143 6173 6198 6202 6213 6217 6225 6228 6233-6234 6237 6240-6241 6253-6254 6258 6261-6262 6268-6270 6289 6337 6344 6348 6353-6354 6358 6360 6362-6364 6373-6374 6384 6387-6389 6391 6393-6394 6400 6404 6411 6420 6422-6423 6428 6430 6434 6437 6440 6443 6448-6449 6452-6453 6455 6457-6459 6463 6465 6468 6470 6475 6479 6483-6484 6488-6490 6493 6495 6499 6505 6517 6519-6521 6528-6529 6531 6544 6547-6548 6561 6570-6571 6573-6575 6584 6594 6600 6610 6621-6622 6629-6630 6643 6645 6647 6652 6674 6737 6743 6891 6894 6918 6921 6997-6998 7024 7169 7175 7180 7182 7187-7188 7190 7196 7199 7205 7207 7214 7216 7221 7230 7238 7243-7244 7247 7254-7256 7258 7262 7264 7271 7277 7290 7293 7297 7302 7312 7314 7317-7319 7324 7326-7330 7333-7335 7341-7342 7350 7352-7353 7355 7358 7360-7361 7363-7364 7367 7382 7388 7390 7393-7394 7396 7401 7407 7414 7419-7420 7422 7425 7428 7436 7438 7446 7457-7460 7463 7475-7477 7480 7487 7495-7496 7499 7514 7521 7525 7529-7530 7538 7555 7559-7560 7566 7572 7576 7578-7579 7584-7585 7595 7597 7601 7614 7616-7617 7624 7626 7648 7656 7683 7686 7693 7695-7696 7705 7709-7712 7721 7725 7727 7734 7736 7739 7741 7747-7748 7750 7754 7756 7759 7762 7767 7769 7771-7774 7779 7781-7784 7786 7790 7793 7795 7799 7801 7805 7808 7811 7828-7830 7832 7835 7837 7860-7861 7863 7873 7877 7879 7881 7885-7887 7889 7894 7900 7903-7905 7926-7927 7934 7938 7942-7943 7946 7948 7950 7952-7953 7957 7959 7969 8002 8015 8026 8028 8037 8050 8052 8054 8056 8058 8064 8134-8135 8144 8146 8149-8150 8155-8156 8173 8197 8208 8245 8260 8263 8266 8274 8290 8293 8295 8330 8508 8510 8520-8521 8618 8657 8659 8668-8669 8671 8695 8699 8718 8738-8739 8748 8835 8838 8843 8857 8863 8870 8894 8951 8955 9023 9028 9034 9036-9038 9042-9044 9047 9050-9051 9053 9057 9064 9067 9069 9074 9080 9100 9105 9110 9114 9117-9118 9121 9123 9125 9130 9133 9140 9161-9162 9164 9169 9171-9173 9178 9184 9189 9193 9195 9200 9204 9207-9208 9245-9247 9263 9265 9269 9281 9284 9290-9292 9295 9301 9306 9315 9328 9331 9333 9338 9340 9346 9350 9356 9360 9362 9364 9368 9372 9376 9378 9384 9390 9393 9396-9398 9404 9409-9410 9412 9417 9419 9421 9424 9427-9428 9434 9439 9448 9452 9457 9463 9465-9466 9468 9471 9479 9482 9485 9497 9513 9529 9534 9549 9557 9559 9571 9574 9576 9579 9582-9583 9592 9595 9601 9603 9606-9607 9609 9616 9619 9626 9642 9646 9654 9659 9662 9664-9665 9667 9674 9676 9681 9687 9713 9717 9719 9726 9728-9729 9731 9738 9745 9747 9750 9754 9756 9771 9775 9782 9784 9789 9795 9799 9806 9813 9822 9827 9831 9833 9852 9856-9857 9863 9866-9867 9875 9877 9881-9882 9885 9892 9896-9897 9909 9917 9922 9927 9931-9932 9934-9935 9937 9940 9949 9954-9956 9962-9963 9965 9973 9977 9979 9982 9984 9986 9988-9989 9997 10020-10021 10029 10031 10033 10035 10108 10118 10125 10131 10136-10138 10141 10149 10151 10158 10161 10163 10167 10188 10194-10195 10214 10223 10236 10253 10260 10266 10268 10270 10287 10292-10294 10297 10303 10319 10321-10322 10324-10325 10328-10329 10332 10334 10340 10346 10353 10356 10358-10359 10364-10366 10373 10378 10382 10385-10387 10396 10400 10405-10407 10410-10412 10416-10417 10420 10423 10425 10429-10430 10433-10434 10438 10440-10441 10455 10459 10463 10465 10467 10476 10480 10484 10486-10488 10490-10491 10502 10523 10530 10532 10534 10538-10539 10545 10548 10553 10556 10558-10559 10564 10574-10576 10582-10583 10586 10588 10593-10594 10596 10600-10601 10609 10611 10613 10618 10630 10634 10636 10641-10642 10644 10651 10657 10659 10663 10668 10670 10680-10681 10690 10727 10747 10755 10765-10766 10772 10779 10784 10791 10797 10800 10803 10805 10810-10811 10815 10819 10824 10827 10830 10833 10840 10842 10844-10845 10851 10853 10856 10866 10869 10873-10874 10889-10890 10896 10902-10903 10907 10913 10918 10921 10925 10930 10936 10945 10948 11005 11010-11011 11033 11065 11089 11106 11131 11134 11144 11153 11175-11176 11188 11194-11195 11199 11210 11218-11221 11224 11237-11238 11240 11243 11246 11252 11254-11255 11258 11260 11265 11267-11268 11272 11280 11286 11302-11303 11309 11317 11335 11344 11349 11353-11354 11356-11357 11374 11379 11382 11386 11389-11390 11451 11453 11455 11462 11466 11485 11487 11491-11492 11494-11495 11498 11504-11506 11508 11513 11515-11516 11527 11533 11536-11537 11540 11543 11552 11554 11556-11558 11564 11566 11571-11572 11586 11591-11592 11595 11599 11607 11615 11617-11620 11626-11627 11631-11634 11636 11638 11640 11648 11650 11652 11661 11672 11686 11691 11693 11697-11698 11702 11706-11707 11714 11751 11760 11776 11782-11783 11786 11792 11803 11805 11813 11815-11818 11822 11827 11830-11831 11838 11841 11845-11846 11848 11851 11858 11863 11866 11877-11878 11884 11886 11889-11890 11897 11904 11912 11915-11916 11918 11922 11925 11927 11933 11938 11940 11945-11946 11948 11952 11955-11956 11968 11971 11976 12033 12037-12039 12054 12058 12114-12116 12131 12139 12145 12147 12152 12204 12218 12223 12226 12228 12231 12266 12633 12660 12667 12723 12765 13315 13321-13322 13332 13339 13354 13357 13366 13373 13377 13384 13401 13410 13413 13417 13419 13431 13439 13443-13444 13452 13457-13461 13464 13485 13508 13510 13522 13542 13556 13577 13579 13581 13605 13610 13614 13637 13649 13906 14503 14854 14858 15002 15021 15034 15050 15057 15087 15098 15319 15323 15337 15343-15344 15892 15931 16003 16012 16022 16033 16036 16058 16070 16073 16077 17775 17779 17787 17992 18002 18030 18037 18044 18113 18118 18347 18809 19048 19088 19095 19098 19152 19157 19311 19321 19337 19362 19421 19430 19467 19538-19539 19549 19659 19674 19691-19692 19720 19724 19727 19730 19736 19739 19748 19767 19769 19799 19803 19812 19831 19836 19847-19848 19853 19855 19862 19865-19866 19869 19880 19902-19903 19910 19915-19916 19920 19932 19942-19944 19948-19949 19957 19967 19996 20038-20039 20055 20070 20078 20082 20085 20090 20093 20117-20118 20128 20130 20136 20144 20161 20167 20178 20195 20204 20206 20210 20227 20236 20242 20248 20254 20258 20279 20294 20297 20303 20313 20319 20325 20332 20339 20349 20355 20363 20374 20376 20379 20382-20383 20385 20392 20398 20403-20404 20413 20415 20417 20420 20427-20430 20436 20450 20461 20466 22015 22397 22486 23454 23460 23486 25950 25970 25976 26069 26079 27589 27599 27608 27612 27621 27647 27814 27821 27860 27871 27881 27886 27897 27994 28005 28016 28027 28029 28069 28093 28101 28103 28105 28127 28131-28132 28150-28151 28154-28155 28174 28176-28177 28184 28193 28197-28198 28204 28234 28252 28310 28330 28340 28363 28367 28376 28378 28400 28409-28410 28412 28414 28431 28435 28443 28447 28453 28456 28458 28460 28464 28470-28471 28473 28476 28479 28492 28502-28503 28507 28515 28521-28522 28524-28525 28529-28530 28533 28535 28541 28550 28554 28566 28571 28578-28579 28582-28584 28587-28588 28595 28606 28608-28609 28611 28617-28618 28620 28630 28632 28634 28636 28641 28644 28650-28651 28653 28656-28657 28660 28663-28664 31423 31464 31468 31470 31635 31640 31646 31712 31718 31722-31723 31736 32329 32459 32503 32571 32579 32623 32659 32662 32665 32670 32672 32676 32680 32682 32686-32687 32699-32700 32709 32711 32715-32716 32720 32722 32724 32730 32733 32735 32747 32749-32750 32762-32763 32766https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/672/A163?format=asciiOpticalRadiodefaultJ/A+A/672/A163/tablef1Properties of the 2060 giant radio galaxies ('GRGs' or 'giants') discovered during the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) DR2 pipeline products searchrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHNC?[0/1] Flag indicating whether the claimed host galaxy is just the nearest candidate (1) or is identified with high certainty (0) (is_host_nearest_candidate)meta.codeintSDSS-DR12Host galaxy Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) DR12 name (host_name_SDSS_DR12) (2)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Host galaxy right ascension J2000, derived from SDSS DR12 or Pan-STARRS (right_ascension_J2000_(deg))degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Host galaxy declination J2000, derived from SDSS DR12 or Pan-STARRS (declination_J2000_(deg))degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainzHost galaxy cosmological redshift estimate, derived from SDSS DR12, Gaia DR3, GLADE 2.4, and DESI DR9 (redshift) (1)src.redshiftdoublee_z? Host galaxy cosmological redshift uncertainty, derived from SDSS DR12, Gaia DR3, GLADE 2.4, and DESI DR9 (redshift_error) (1)stat.error;src.redshiftdoublenullablezsp?[0/1] Flag indicating whether the cosmological redshift estimate is inferred through spectroscopy (1) or through photometry (2) (is_redshift_spectroscopic)meta.codeintLengthAngGiant radio galaxy angular length (or less accurately called 'angular size') in LoTSS DR2 pipeline products (angular_length) (3)arcminphys.angSizefloatLengthMpcGiant radio galaxy proper (rather than comoving) length estimate, projected onto the celestial sphere (projected_proper_length)Mpcpos.pm;phys.sizefloate_LengthMpcGiant radio galaxy proper (rather than comoving) length uncertainty, projected onto the celestial sphere (projected_proper_length_error)Mpcstat.errorfloatM*? Host galaxy stellar mass estimate (stellar_mass) (4)1e+11solMasssrc.class.starGalaxydoublenullablee_M*? Host galaxy stellar mass uncertainty (stellar_mass_error) (4)1e+11solMassstat.errordoublenullableMSMBH? Host galaxy supermassive black hole mass estimate derived from SDSS DR12 (SMBH_mass)1e+09solMassphys.massfloatnullablee_MSMBH? Host galaxy supermassive black hole mass uncertainty derived from SDSS DR12 (SMBH_mass_error)1e+09solMassstat.errordoublenullableSpCl?[0/1] flag indicating whether the host galaxy's AGN has an SDSS spectral class label available (is_spectral_class_available)meta.codeintHostQSO?[0/1] Flag indicating whether the host galaxy's AGN is a quasar (only meaningful when 'is_spectral_class_available' is True) (is_host_quasar)meta.codeint