J/A+A/672/A123ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/672/A123doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36720123CDSHe Z.Li N.Cao X.Li R.Zou H.Dye S.2023-12-14T15:12:49Z2023-04-10T15:42:51ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsurveysgravitational-lensingvisible-astronomysloan-photometryredshiftedThe Hubble tension, revealed by a ~5{sigma} discrepancy between measurements of the Hubble-Lemaitre constant from early and local-Universe observations, is one of the most significant problems in modern cosmology. In order to better understand the origin of this mismatch, independent techniques to measure H0, such as strong lensing time delays, are required. Notably, the sample size of such systems is key to minimising statistical uncertainties and cosmic variance, which can be improved by exploring the datasets of large-scale sky surveys like DESI (Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument). We identify possible strong lensing time-delay systems within DESI by selecting candidate multiply imaged lensed quasars from a catalogue of 24,440,816 candidate QSOs contained in the 9th data release of the DESI Legacy Imaging Surveys (DESI-LS). Using a friend-of-friends-like algorithm on spatial co-ordinates, our method generates an initial list of compact quasar groups. This list is subsequently filtered using a measure of the similarity of colours of a group's members and the likelihood that they are quasars. A visual inspection finally selects candidate strong lensing systems based on the spatial configuration of the group members. We identify 620 new candidate multiply imaged lensed quasars (101 Grade-A, 214 Grade-B, 305 Grade-C). This number excludes 53 known spectroscopically confirmed systems and existing candidate systems identified in other similar catalogues. When available, these new candidates will be further checked by combining the spectroscopic and photometric data from DESI. The catalogues and images of the candidates in this work are available online.2023A&A...672A.123Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/672/A123CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/672/A123https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/672/A123http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/672/A123https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/672/A123https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/672/A123http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/672/A123GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/672/A123/table1 (H22 catalog (all candidates))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A123/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A123/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A123/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true237.957899183.547189970.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/672/A123/table2 (New candidates in detail (every images of each candidate in H22 description))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A123/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A123/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A123/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true237.957586883.547122950.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/672/A123/list (List of fits images)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A123/list?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A123/list?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/672/A123/list?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true188.9793668.607230.005555555555555556Associated datahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/assocdata/?obs_collection=J/A+A/672/A1236/538 587 723 757 902 2091 2202 2247 2574 4165 4215 4315 4419 4422 4428 4464 4491 4502 4505 4517 4558 4596 4651 4742 4764 4775-4776 4790 4813 4825 4848 4899 4937 4941 5008 5036 5048 5060 5072 5081 5136 5170 5190 5290 5296 5322 5332 5382 5408 5410 5412 5420 5466 5477-5478 5505 5518 5530 5541 5550 5663 5669 5693 5718 5733 5745 5752 5754 5815 5822 5830 5863 5870 5876 5910 5940 5946 5970 5978 5995 6085 6194 6196 6203 6243 6331 6339 6344 6348 6371 6400 6426-6427 6438 6498 6538 6549 6578 6622 6714 6721 6730 6736 6765 6776 6813 6873 6896 6912 6933 6936 6952 6960 6966 7026 7046 7069 7072 7092 7208 7210 7293 7328 7333 7365 7367 7390 7452 7504 7540 7580 7632 7639 7672 7674 7710 7731 7776 7779 7820 7822 7838 7857 7924 8023 8071-8072 8074 8086 8091 8133 8142-8143 8274 8286 8344 8372 8407 8433 8445 8503 8519 8527 8602 8693 8707 8714 8725 8739 8753 8773 8780 8860 8910 8931 8978 9003 9017 9042 9071 9079 9150 9168 9182 9244 9278 9293 9327 9341 9359 9367 9385 9390-9391 9409 9427 9429 9456 9472 9475 9500 9540 9549 9560 9594 9618 9639 9666 9674 9689 9738-9739 9746 9773 9784 9786 9797 9818 9821 9861 9983 10073 10154 10253 10271 10295 10304 10334 10437 10439 10458 10471 10483 10514 10581 10643 10712 10755 10763 10768 10797 10817 10822 10833 10879 10886 10938 10950 10992 11043 11057 11059 11088 11097 11122 11139 11218 11244 11384 11395 11427 11487 11496-11497 11519 11535 11552-11553 11601 11605 11612-11613 11644-11645 11718-11719 11734-11735 11741 11758 11768 11811 11814 11825 11889 11928 11954-11955 11959 11983-11984 12007 12026 12059 12121 12141 12160 12169 12209 12233 12248 12297 12341 12355 12399 12419 12435 12556 12634 12667 12680 12745 12788-12790 13137 13313 13376 13385 13418 13449 13576 13584 14875 14880 14885 14893 14895 14898 14906 14908 14951 14971 14981 14984 14987 15017 15044 15083 15092 15102 15143 15157-15158 15182 15231-15232 15235 15240 15247 15273 15293 15331 15358 15909 15913 15930 16023 16043 16054 16059 16067 16072 16098 16105-16107 16109 16118 16299 16398 16653 16689 16692 16724 16738 16747 16836 16849 16863 17117 17132 17212 17286 17294 17305 17437 17447 17502 17556 17631 17712 17721 17739 17747 17760 17800 17805 17846 17866 17873 17884 17886 17928 17989 18002 18011 18032 18066 18098 18102 18127 18209 18236-18237 18269 18279 18475 18497 18508 18569 18626-18627 18641 18648 18686 18746 18750 18766 18776 18779 18800 18939 18959 18991 18999 19004 19007 19027 19089 19108 19147 19202 19208 19224 19280 19311 19342 19347 19367 19393 19399 19405 19462 19466 19483 19496 19502 19579 19624 19692 19699 19710 19768 19798 19826 19849 19869 19877 19910 19917 19924 19932 19938 19953 19990-19991 20102 20130 20147 20150 20212 20340 20366 20385 20403 20521 20629 20708 20716 21000 21014 21024-21026 21033 21063 21129 21134 21787 21841 21858 21871 21883 21955 21981 22001 22007 22014 22337 22351 22471 22484 22564 22566 22581-22582 22636 22645 22667 22682 22716-22717 22719 22729 22752 22758 23074 23091 23109 23127 23173 23201 23204 25528 25545 25548 25597 25705 25795 25834 25853 25906 25932 25955 26035 26070 26112 26130 26169 26184-26185 26232 26246 26266 26280 26312 26372 26375 26381 26407 26448 26451 26470 26483 26489 26525 26555 26578 26587 26591 26597 26603-26604 26608 26618 26783 26853 26884 26886 26901 26904 26913 26930 26942 26978 26990 27049 27081 27127 27169 27198 27204 27277 27304-27305 27390 27415 27447 27460 27561 27575 27630 27639 27643 27690 27702 27705 27710 27715 27730 27747 27759 27891 27961 27978 28041 28103 28146 28204 28260 28262-28263 28266 28366 28370-28371 28399 28425 28438 28501 28515 28540 28568 28628 28660 30018 30020 30047 30063 30074 31119 31134 31161 31319 31429 31451 31462 31503 31535 31552-31553 31574 31584 31598 31622-31623 31721 31740 31915 31933 31969 32175 32259 32266 32287 32298 32303 32312 32331 32335 32340 32373 32401 32437 32455 32459 32496 32540 32544 32553-32554 32556 32570 32573 32615 32626-32627 32635 32650 32685 32708 32710 32717 32719 32725 32735 32738 32759 33131 33134 33139 33142 33144-33145 33147-33148 33181-33182 33199 33215 33217 33220 33227 33233-33234 33236 33240 33254 33275 33456 33482 33536 33544 33548 33568 33633 33668 33697 33742 33803 33806-33807 33815-33816 33819 33824 33826 33828 33833 33840-33841 33844 33873 33895 33929 33947 33952 33954 33993 34022 34031 34073 34092 34102 34134 34153 34159 34232 34240 34257 34291 34310 34320 34326 34353 34391-34392 34404 34408 34420 34437 34442 34582 34587 34621 34656 34703 34725 34737-34738 34752 34774 34828 34836-34837 34847 34868 34922 34955 35041 35067 35151 35159 35163 35171 35207 35218 35243 35274 35390 35397 35407 35469 35484 35493 35523 35547 35605 35621 35626 35650 35655 35700 35731 35786 35788 35794 35815 35858 35884 35886 35917 35920 35930 35969 36036 36049 36064 36080 36088 36098 36136 36191 36218 36230 36286 36362 36364 36375 36379 36446 36472 36610 36620 36625 36760 36766 36783 36794 36808 36812 38959 39049 39081 39435 39450 39459 39564 39567 40815 40825 40887 40889 40949-40951 40955 44971 45003 45009 45423 45427 45429-45430 45439 45510 45552 45562 45564 45655 45783 45821 45831 45852 45885 45910 45955 45959 45983 46009 46081 46094 46155 46158 46165 46226 46228 46231 46264 46292 46302 46312 46326 46340 46374 46390 46404 46406 46410 46452 46469 46489 46493 46515 46529 46640 46644 46672 46691 46695 46705 46710 47366 47424 47433 47457 48604 48615 48985 49003 49010 49051 49086 49096 49113 49122-49123 49136 49147https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/672/A123?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/672/A123/table1H22 catalog (all candidates)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIntIDInternal ID that links this system to QSO group catalogue (QGC) (internal_ID)meta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000) (RA)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000) (Dec)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSRFOne of the scores defined in Sec. 3.2.1 (S_RF)stat.fit.goodnessfloatScolourOne of the scores defined in Sec. 3.2.1 (S_colour)stat.fit.goodnessfloatSepmaxMaximum image separation in arcseconds (Sep_max)arcminpos.angDistancedoubleSepminMinimum image separation in arcseconds (Sep_min)arcminpos.angDistance;stat.mindoubleSepmeanMean image separation in arcseconds (Sep_mean)arcminpos.angDistance;stat.meandoubleNimgNumber of images (NUM_OF_IMG)meta.numberintGrade[ABC] Grades of lensed QSO candidates (A, B, or C) (Grade)meta.code.qualcharGradeLR[ABC] Grades of lensed QSO candidates (A, B, or C) that are given independently by the fourth author (Grade_by_LR)meta.code.qualcharinKLQWhether this candidate exists in reference sample RLQ (in_KLQ)meta.codeintinD22Whether this candidate exists in Dawes et al., 2022 (in_D22) (1)meta.codeintinL22Whether this candidate exists in Lemon et al., 2022, MNRAS, in prep. (in_L22)meta.codeintGradeD22[ABC] Grades of lensed QSO candidates (A, B, or C) given in D22 (Grade_by_D22)meta.code.qualcharClassThe classification in Lemon et al., 2022, MNRAS, in prep. (lens, NIQ, projected QSOs, or QSO pairs) (Classification_by_L22)meta.code.classcharq? Axis ratio of SIE profile given by lens modelling (q)phys.size.axisRatiofloatnullablephi? Position angle of SIE profile (+x-axis is zero, counterclockwise is positive) given by lens modelling (phi)pos.posAngfloatnullablerEin? Einstein radius given by lens modelling (rein)phys.angSize;srcfloatnullablemchi2? The chi^2^ that calculated by the best-fitted lens model and observation data (minimised_chi2)stat.fit.chi2doublenullableBIC? The Bayesian information criterion that is defined in Sec. 4.3. (BIC)stat.fit.paramdoublenullableNoteComments on this lensed QSO candidate (NOTE)meta.notecharJ/A+A/672/A123/table2New candidates in detail (every images of each candidate in H22 description)z? The matched redshift from eBOSS DR16 (if available) (redshift)src.redshiftdoublenullableGrade[ABC] The grades (A,B,C) of the candidate system that this image belongs to (Grade)meta.code.qualcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIntIDInternal ID that links this system to QSO group catalogue (QGC) (internal_ID)meta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000) of the centre of this image (RA)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000) of the centre of this image (Dec)degpos.eq.dec;meta.maingmagg-band magnitude of this image (g)magphot.mag;em.opt.Bdoublermagr-band magnitude of this image (r)magphot.mag;em.opt.Rdoublezmagz-band magnitude of this image (z)magphot.mag;em.opt.IdoubleW1magW1-band magnitude of this image (W1)magphot.mag;em.IR.3-4umdoubleW2magW2-band magnitude of this image (W2)magphot.mag;em.IR.4-8umdoubleJ/A+A/672/A123/listList of fits imagesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintIntIDInternal ID that links this system to QSO group catalogue (QGC)meta.id;meta.mainintRAJ2000Right Ascension of center (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of center (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainscaleScale of the imagearcsec/pixinstr.scalefloatNxNumber of pixels along X-axismeta.numberintNyNumber of pixels along Y-axismeta.numberintNzNumber of slicesmeta.numberintsizeSize of FITS fileKibytephys.size;meta.fitsintFileNameName of FITS file, in subdirectory fitsmeta.id;meta.fitscharTitleTitle of the FITS filemeta.title;meta.fitschar