J/A+A/669/A119ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/669/A119doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36690119CDSMagrini L.Viscasillas Vazquez C.Spina L.Randich S.Romano D.,Franciosini E.Recio-Blanco A.Nordlander T.D'Orazi V.Baratella M.,Smiljanic R.Dantas M.L.L.Pasquini L.Spitoni E.Casali G.,Van der Swaelmen M.Bensby T.Stonkute E.Feltzing S.Sacco G.G.,Bragaglia A.Pancino E.Heiter U.Biazzo K.Gilmore G.Bergemann M.,Tautvaisiene G.Worley C.Hourihane A.Gonneau A.Morbidelli L.2023-03-16T08:20:17Z2023-01-26T15:52:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fropen-star-clusterschemical-abundancesvisible-astronomyThe spatial distribution of elemental abundances and their time evolution are among the major constraints to disentangling the scenarios of formation and evolution of the Galaxy. In this paper we used the sample of open clusters available in the final release of the Gaia-ESO survey to trace the Galactic radial abundance and abundance-to-iron ratio gradients, and their time evolution. We selected member stars in 62 open clusters, with ages from 0.1 to about 7Gyr, located in the Galactic thin disc at galactocentric radii (RGC) from about 6 to 21kpc. We analysed the shape of the resulting [Fe/H] gradient, the average gradients [El/H] and [El/Fe] combining elements belonging to four different nucleosynthesis channels, and their individual abundance and abundance ratio gradients. We also investigated the time evolution of the gradients dividing open clusters in three age bins. The [Fe/H] gradient has a slope of -0.054dex/kpc. It can be better approximated with a two-slope shape, steeper for R_GC_<=11.2kpc and flatter in the outer regions. We saw different behaviours for elements belonging to different channels. For the time evolution of the gradient, we found that the youngest clusters (age<1Gyr) in the inner disc have lower metallicity than their older counterparts and that they outline a flatter gradient. We considered some possible explanations, including the effects of gas inflow and migration. We suggest that the most likely one may be related to a bias introduced by the standard spectroscopic analysis producing lower metallicities in the analysis of low-gravity stars. To delineate the shape of the 'true' gradient, we should most likely limit our analysis to stars with low surface gravity logg>-2.5 and microturbulent parameter {xi}<1.8km/s. Based on this reduced sample, we can conclude that the gradient has minimally evolved over the time-frame outlined by the open clusters, indicating a slow and stationary formation of the thin disc over the last 3Gyr. We found a secondary role of cluster migration in shaping the gradient, with a more prominent role of migration for the oldest clusters.2023A&A...669A.119Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/669/A119CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/669/A119https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/669/A119http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/669/A119https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/669/A119https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/669/A119http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/669/A119GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea1SlopesIDR6 solar and M67 abundancesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintElElement namemeta.id;phys.atmol.elementcharSunDR6[0.52/8.66] Solar abundances in Gaia-ESO iDR6 (12+log(El/H))phys.abundfloate_SunDR6[0.02/0.13] Error on Solar abundances in Gaia-ESO iDR6stat.errorfloatSunG07[0.52/8.66] Solar abundances in Grevesse et al. (2007, SSR, 130, 105) (12+log(El/H))phys.abundfloate_SunG07[0.02/0.1] Error on Solar abundances in Grevesse et al. (2007, SSR, 130, 105)stat.errorfloatM67DR6[0.54/8.74] Average abundances of the member stars of M67 (12+log(El/H))phys.abundfloate_M67DR6[0.03/0.13] Standard deviation of the average abundances of the member stars of M67stat.errorfloatM67DR6giants[0.54/8.73] Average abundances of the giant member stars of M67 (12+log(El/H))phys.abundfloate_M67DR6giants[0.02/0.09] Standard deviation of the average abundances of the giant member stars of M67stat.errorfloatM67DR6dwarfs[0.53/8.81]? Average abundances of the dwarf member stars of M67 (12+log(El/H))phys.abundfloatnullablee_M67DR6dwarfs[0.01/0.12]? Standard deviation of the average abundances of the dwarf member stars of M67stat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea2Average [alphaH] and [alpha/Fe] for our sample of open clustersSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGESFLDOpen cluster ID as in GESFLD in Gaia-ESO iDR6meta.id;meta.mainchar[Fe/H][-0.45/0.34] Mean cluster metallicity as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)phys.abund.Z;stat.meanfloatAge[0.1/6.76] Cluster age as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)Gyrtime.agefloatRgc[5.85/20.58] Cluster Rgc as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)kpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloat[OI/H][-0.31/0.15]? Mean cluster [OI/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[MgI/H][-0.37/0.35] Mean cluster [MgI/H]phys.abundfloat[SiI/H][-0.39/0.34] Mean cluster [SiI/H]phys.abundfloat[CaI/H][-0.31/0.22]? Mean cluster [CaI/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[TiI/H][-0.33/0.36] Mean cluster [TiI/H]phys.abundfloat[OI/Fe][-0.2/0.26]? Mean cluster [OI/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[MgI/Fe][-0.13/0.34] Mean cluster [MgI/Fe]phys.abundfloat[SiI/Fe][-0.08/0.36] Mean cluster [SiI/Fe]phys.abundfloat[CaI/Fe][-0.15/0.24]? Mean cluster [CaI/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[TiI/Fe][-0.18/0.29] Mean cluster [TiI/Fe]phys.abundfloatJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea3Average [odd/H] and [odd/Fe] for our of open clustersRgc[5.85/20.58] Cluster Rgc as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)kpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGESFLDOpen cluster ID as in GESFLD in Gaia-ESO iDR6meta.id;meta.mainchar[Fe/H][-0.45/0.34] Mean cluster metallicity as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)phys.abund.Z;stat.meanfloatAge[0.1/6.76] Cluster age as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)Gyrtime.agefloat[NaI/H][-0.35/0.44]? Mean cluster [NaI/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[AlI/H][-0.37/0.68] Mean cluster [AlI/H]phys.abundfloat[CuI/H][-0.74/0.36]? Mean cluster [CuI/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[ZnI/H][-0.39/0.26]? Mean cluster [ZnI/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[NaI/Fe][-0.1/0.47]? Mean cluster [NaI/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[AlI/Fe][-0.16/0.49] Mean cluster [AlI/Fe]phys.abundfloat[CuI/Fe][-0.42/0.3]? Mean cluster [CuI/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[ZnI/Fe][-0.33/0.18]? Mean cluster [ZnI/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullableJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea4Average [iron peak/H] and [iron peak/Fe] for our open clusters.[VI/Fe][-0.18/0.48] Mean cluster [VI/Fe]phys.abundfloat[CrI/Fe][-0.15/0.21]? Mean cluster [CrI/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint[Fe/H][-0.45/0.34] Mean cluster metallicity as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)phys.abund.Z;stat.meanfloatAge[0.1/6.76] Cluster age as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)Gyrtime.agefloatRgc[5.85/20.58] Cluster Rgc as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)kpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloat[ScII/H][-0.33/0.42] Mean cluster [ScII/H]phys.abundfloat[VI/H][-0.43/0.64] Mean cluster [VI/H]phys.abundfloat[CrI/H][-0.35/0.3]? Mean cluster [CrI/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[MnI/H][-0.47/0.38]? Mean cluster [MnI/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[CoI/H][-0.44/0.56] Mean cluster [CoI/H]phys.abundfloat[NiI/H][-0.45/0.39]? Mean cluster [NiI/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[ScII/Fe][-0.1/0.21] Mean cluster [ScII/Fe]phys.abundfloat[MnI/Fe][-0.18/0.17]? Mean cluster [MnI/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[CoI/Fe][-0.17/0.39] Mean cluster [CoI/Fe]phys.abundfloat[NiI/Fe][-0.15/0.09]? Mean cluster [NiI/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullableGESFLDOpen cluster ID as in GESFLD in Gaia-ESO iDR6meta.id;meta.maincharJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea5Average [s/H] and [s/Fe] for our of open clustersrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGESFLDOpen cluster ID as in GESFLD in Gaia-ESO iDR6meta.id;meta.mainchar[Fe/H][-0.45/0.34] Mean cluster metallicity as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)phys.abund.Z;stat.meanfloatAge[0.1/6.76] Cluster age as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)Gyrtime.agefloatRgc[5.85/20.58] Cluster Rgc as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)kpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloat[YII/H][-0.35/0.64] Mean cluster [YII/H]phys.abundfloat[ZrII/H][-0.39/0.68]? Mean cluster [ZrII/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[BaII/H][-0.37/0.3]? Mean cluster [BaII/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[LaII/H][-0.4/0.29]? Mean cluster [LaII/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[CeII/H][-0.38/0.35]? Mean cluster [CeII/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[YII/Fe][-0.11/0.77] Mean cluster [YII/Fe]phys.abundfloat[ZrII/Fe][-0.12/0.36]? Mean cluster [ZrII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[BaII/Fe][-0.22/0.4]? Mean cluster [BaII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[LaII/Fe][-0.29/0.31]? Mean cluster [LaII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[CeII/Fe][-0.12/0.25]? Mean cluster [CeII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullableJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea6Average [r/H] and [r/Fe] for our of open clusters[PrII/H][-0.38/0.45]? Mean cluster [PrII/H]phys.abundfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGESFLDOpen cluster ID as in GESFLD in Gaia-ESO iDR6meta.id;meta.mainchar[Fe/H][-0.45/0.34] Mean cluster metallicity as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)phys.abund.Z;stat.meanfloatAge[0.1/6.76] Cluster age as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)Gyrtime.agefloatRgc[5.85/20.58] Cluster Rgc as in Randich et al. (2022A&A...666A.121R,)kpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloat[MoI/H][-0.32/0.68]? Mean cluster [MoI/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[NdII/H][-0.15/0.45]? Mean cluster [NdII/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[EuII/H][-0.22/0.37]? Mean cluster [EuII/H]phys.abundfloatnullable[MoI/Fe][-0.23/0.61]? Mean cluster [MoI/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[PrII/Fe][-0.12/0.24]? Mean cluster [PrII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[NdII/Fe][-0.17/0.41]? Mean cluster [NdII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullable[EuII/Fe][-0.2/0.58]? Mean cluster [EuII/Fe]phys.abundfloatnullableJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea7Number of member stars in each cluster and for each element used in this workBaIINumber of members with BaIImeta.numberintLaIINumber of members with LaIImeta.numberintCeIINumber of members with CeIImeta.numberintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintOINumber of members with OImeta.numberintNaINumber of members with NaImeta.numberintMgI[1/65] Number of members with MgImeta.numberintAlI[1/63] Number of members with AlImeta.numberintSiI[1/67] Number of members with SiImeta.numberintCaINumber of members with CaImeta.numberintScII[1/66] Number of members with ScIImeta.numberintTiI[1/65] Number of members with TiImeta.numberintVI[1/50] Number of members with VImeta.numberintCrINumber of members with CrImeta.numberintMnINumber of members with MnImeta.numberintCoI[1/62] Number of members with CoImeta.numberintNiINumber of members with NiImeta.numberintCuINumber of members with CuImeta.numberintZnINumber of members with ZnImeta.numberintYII[1/59] Number of members with YIImeta.numberintZrINumber of members with ZrImeta.numberintMoINumber of members with MoImeta.numberintPrIINumber of members with PrIImeta.numberintNdIINumber of members with NdIImeta.numberintEuIINumber of members with EuIImeta.numberintGESFLDOpen cluster ID as in GESFLD in Gaia-ESO iDR6meta.id;meta.maincharJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea8Linear weighed regression fitting coefficients of [El/H]=m1.R_GC_+c for the open clusters in the two investigated galactocentric regions and in the whole distance rangerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint[El/H]Abundance ratio [El/H]phys.atmol.elementcharmINNER[-0.11/-0.01] Slope of the inner gradientkpc**-1arith.gradfloate_mINNER[0.0/0.02] Error on the slope of the inner gradientkpc**-1stat.errorfloatcINNER[0.22/0.89] Intercept of the inner gradientstat.fit.paramfloate_cINNER[0.05/0.14] Error on Intercept of the inner gradientstat.errorfloatPCCINNER[-0.9/-0.22] Pearson correlation coefficient of the inner gradientstat.correlationfloatmOUTER[-0.08/0.03]? Slope of the outer gradientkpc**-1arith.gradfloatnullablee_mOUTER[0.0/0.05]? Error on the slope of the outer gradientkpc**-1stat.errorfloatnullablecOUTER[-0.31/0.97]? Intercept of the outer gradientstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_cOUTER[0.06/0.58]? Error on Intercept of the outer gradientstat.errorfloatnullablePCCOUTER[-0.96/0.31]? Pearson correlation coefficient of the outer gradientstat.correlationfloatnullablemALL[-0.07/-0.01] Slope of the overall gradientkpc**-1arith.gradfloate_mALL[0.0/0.01] Error on the slope of the overall gradientkpc**-1stat.errorfloatcALL[0.24/0.59] Intercept of the overall gradientstat.fit.paramfloate_cALL[0.02/0.11] Error on Intercept of the overall gradientstat.errorfloatPCCALL[-0.91/-0.38] Pearson correlation coefficient of the overall gradientstat.correlationfloatJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea9Linear weighed regression fitting coefficients of [El/Fe]=m1.R_GC_+c for the open clusters in the two investigated galactocentric regions and in the whole distance rangemALL[-0.01/0.05] Slope of the overall gradientkpc**-1arith.gradfloate_mALL[0.0/0.01] Error on the slope of the overall gradientkpc**-1stat.errorfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint[El/Fe]Abundance ratio [El/Fe]phys.atmol.elementcharmINNER[-0.02/0.07] Slope of the inner gradientkpc**-1arith.gradfloate_mINNER[0.0/0.02] Error on the slope of the inner gradientkpc**-1stat.errorfloatcINNER[-0.48/0.14] Intercept of the inner gradientstat.fit.paramfloate_cINNER[0.03/0.1] Error on Intercept of the inner gradientstat.errorfloatPCCINNER[-0.4/0.87] Pearson correlation coefficient of the inner gradientstat.correlationfloatmOUTER[-0.03/0.04]? Slope of the outer gradientkpc**-1arith.gradfloatnullablee_mOUTER[0.0/0.03]? Error on the slope of the outer gradientkpc**-1stat.errorfloatnullablecOUTER[-0.33/0.34]? Intercept of the outer gradientstat.fit.paramfloatnullablee_cOUTER[0.05/0.28]? Error on Intercept of the outer gradientstat.errorfloatnullablePCCOUTER[-0.69/0.78]? Pearson correlation coefficient of the outer gradientstat.correlationfloatnullablecALL[-0.41/0.02] Intercept of the overall gradientstat.fit.paramfloate_cALL[0.01/0.07] Error on Intercept of the overall gradientstat.errorfloatPCCALL[-0.15/0.73] Pearson correlation coefficient of the overall gradientstat.correlationfloatJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea10Linear weighed regression fitting coefficients of [El/H]=m1.R_GC_+c for the open clusters in the three investigated age binsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint[El/H]Abundance ratio [El/H]phys.atmol.elementcharmYOUNG[-0.08/0.0] Slope of the gradient for age<1Gyrkpc**-1arith.gradfloate_mYOUNG[0.0/0.02] Error on the slope of the gradient for age<1Gyrkpc**-1stat.errorfloatcYOUNG[0.08/0.64] Intercept of the gradient for age<1Gyrstat.fit.paramfloate_cYOUNG[0.03/0.11] Error on intercept of the gradient for age<1Gyrstat.errorfloatPCCYOUNG[-0.94/-0.1] Pearson correlation coefficient of the gradient for age<1Gyrstat.fit.paramfloatmINTER[-0.07/0.0] Slope of the gradient for 1<age<3Gyrkpc**-1arith.gradfloate_mINTER[0.0/0.03] Error on the slope of the gradient for 1< age<3Gyrkpc**-1stat.errorfloatcINTER[0.16/0.65] Intercept of the gradient for 1<age<3Gyrstat.fit.paramfloate_cINTER[0.03/0.19] Error on intercept of the gradient for 1< age<3Gyrstat.errorfloatPCCINTER[-0.93/-0.33] Pearson correlation coefficient of the gradient for 1<age<3Gyrstat.fit.paramfloatmOLD[-0.13/0.0] Slope of the gradient for age>3Gyrkpc**-1arith.gradfloate_mOLD[0.0/0.04] Error on the slope of the gradient for age>3Gyrkpc**-1stat.errorfloatcOLD[0.05/1.16] Intercept of the gradient for age>3Gyrstat.fit.paramfloate_cOLD[0.1/0.37] Error on intercept of the gradient for age>3Gyrstat.errorfloatPCCOLD[-0.92/-0.16] Pearson correlation coefficient of the gradient for age>3Gyrstat.fit.paramfloatJ/A+A/669/A119/tablea11Linear weighed regression fitting coefficients of [El/Fe]=m1.R_GC_+c for the open clusters in the three investigated age bins.recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint[El/Fe]Abundance ratio [El/Fe]phys.atmol.elementcharmYOUNG[-0.02/0.06] Slope of the gradient for age<1Gyrkpc**-1arith.gradfloate_mYOUNG[0.0/0.03] Error on the slope of the gradient for age<1Gyrkpc**-1stat.errorfloatcYOUNG[-0.3/0.1] Intercept of the gradient for age<1Gyrstat.fit.paramfloate_cYOUNG[0.02/0.18] Error on intercept of the gradient for age<1Gyrstat.errorfloatPCCYOUNG[-0.47/0.71] Pearson correlation coefficient of the gradient for age<1Gyrstat.fit.paramfloatmINTER[-0.01/0.06] Slope of the gradient for 1<age<3Gyrkpc**-1arith.gradfloate_mINTER[0.0/0.01] Error on the slope of the gradient for 1<age<3Gyrkpc**-1stat.errorfloatcINTER[-0.48/0.01] Intercept of the gradient for 1<age<3Gyrstat.fit.paramfloate_cINTER[0.01/0.08] Error on intercept of the gradient for 1<age<3Gyrstat.errorfloatPCCINTER[-0.18/0.92] Pearson correlation coefficient of the gradient for 1<age<3Gyrstat.fit.paramfloatmOLD[-0.02/0.1] Slope of the gradient for age>3Gyrkpc**-1arith.gradfloate_mOLD[0.0/0.02] Error on the slope of the gradient for age>3Gyrkpc**-1stat.errorfloatcOLD[-0.87/0.13] Intercept of the gradient for age>3Gyrstat.fit.paramfloate_cOLD[0.02/0.18] Error on intercept of the gradient for age>3Gyrstat.errorfloatPCCOLD[-0.62/0.9] Pearson correlation coefficient of the gradient for age>3Gyrstat.fit.paramfloat