J/A+A/668/A186ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/668/A186doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36680186CDSSlob M.M.Callingham J.R.Rottgering H.J.A.Williams W.L.Duncan K.J.,de Gasperin F.Hardcastle M.J.Miley G.K.2024-11-28T20:01:22Z2022-12-20T08:46:06ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleiradio-galaxiesradio-sourcesredshiftedvisible-astronomyWe present a sample of 373 peaked-spectrum (PS) sources with spectral peaks around 150MHz, selected using a subset of the two LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) all-sky surveys, the LOFAR Two Meter Sky Survey and the LOFAR LBA Sky Survey. These LOFAR surveys are the most sensitive low-frequency widefield surveys to date, allowing us to select low-luminosity peaked-spectrum sources. Our sample increases the number of known PS sources in our survey area by a factor 50. The 5GHz luminosity distribution of our PS sample shows we sample the lowest luminosity PS sources to-date by nearly an order of magnitude. Since high-frequency gigahertz-peaked spectrum sources and compact steep-spectrum sources are hypothesised to be the precursors to large radio galaxies, we investigate whether this is also the case for our sample of low-frequency PS sources. Using optical line emission criteria, we find that our PS sources are predominately high-excitation radio galaxies instead of low-excitation radio galaxies, corresponding to a quickly evolving population. We compute the radio source counts of our PS sample, and find they are scaled down by a factor of 40 compared to a general sample of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGN). This implies that the lifetimes of PS sources are 40 times shorter than large scale radio galaxies, if their luminosity functions are identical. To investigate this, we compute the first radio luminosity function for a homogeneously-selected PS sample. We find that for 144MHz luminosities >=10^25^W/Hz, the PS luminosity function has the same shape as an unresolved radio-loud AGN population but shifted down by a factor of 10.We interpret this as strong evidence that these high-luminosity PS sources evolve into large-scale radio-loud AGN. For local, low-luminosity PS sources, there is a surplus of PS sources, which we hypothesise to be the addition of frustrated PS sources that do not evolve into large-scale AGN.2022A&A...668A.186Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/668/A186CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toVIII/65 : 1.4GHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) (Condon+ 1998)VIII/92 : The FIRST Survey Catalog, Version 2014Dec17 (Helfand+ 2015)VIII/97 : 74MHz VLA Low-frequency Sky Survey Redux (VLSSr) (Lane+, 2014)J/A+A/598/A78 : The GMRT 150MHz all-sky radio survey (TGSS) (Intema+, 2017)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/668/A186https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/668/A186http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/668/A186https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/668/A186https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/668/A186http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/668/A186GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/668/A186/pscat (Radio and optical parameters of PS sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/668/A186/pscat?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/668/A186/pscat?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/668/A186/pscat?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true160.4556446.559520.0055555555555555565/2735 2804 2809 6/5501 5559 5567 5573 5596 5598 5606-5609 5614 5617 5627-5628 5631 5893 5901 5912 5914 5917 5940-5941 5943 5949 5952 5954-5956 5958-5962 5966-5968 5970-5971 5975-5977 5980 5986 5989 5991 5995 6000 6003 6007-6010 6014 6090-6092 6096 6099 6102 6104 6117 9918 9931 9933 9944 9952 9956 9959 9963-9964 9967-9968 9979 9982-9983 10614-10615 10617-10619 10621-10623 10679 10683-10685 10695 10698 10700 10703-10706 10711 10713 10718-10719 10725 10730 10735-10738 10740-10741 10746 10750 10869 10877 10939 10959 10968 10977-10978 10980-10981 10983-10986 10996 11003 11005-11006 11013 11017 11019 11026 11028 11033 11036 11043-11045 11056 11062 11065 11070 11075 11079 11081-11083 11085 11090 11094 11104 11106 11108 11110 11113-11116 11121 11125-11126 11128-11129 11134 11141 11144 11147 11153-11154 11156-11157 11162-11163 11166 11169 11171 11174-11175 11177-11179 11183-11184 11189 11196 11199 11202 11205 11212 11214-11215 11225 11228 11230 11232-11234 11241 11271 11277 11279 11288-11290 11296 11299 11301-11302 11304 11306-11307 11309-11313 11317-11320 11322-11323 11325 11328 11330 11335 11338 11340 11355 11357-11359 11361-11363 11370 11373-11375 11378 11381 11386 11392 11395-11396 11398 11400-11401 11406 11410 11412 11415 11418-11419 11424 11428 11431 11439-11440 11442 11444 11449-11451 11453 11457-11461 11468-11469 11472 11480 11488 11491-11492 11494 11496-11498 11500 11520 11776-11778 11789 11793-11794 11796 11802-11804 11806 11810 11813 11819-11820 118414.3732058927066154e-26 4.9032914820279276e-23https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/668/A186?format=asciiOpticalRadiodefaultJ/A+A/668/A186/pscatRadio and optical parameters of PS samplezbest? Best redshiftsrc.redshift;pos.heliocentricdoublenullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFTGSS? Integrated TGSS flux density at 150MHz (Intema et al., 2017, Cat. J/A+A/598/A78)Jyphot.flux.density;em.radio.100-200MHzfloatnullablee_FTGSS? Uncertainty in integrated TGSS flux densityJystat.errorfloatnullableRAVdeg? Right ascension (J2000) of the source in the VLSSr catalogue (Lane et al., 2014, Cat. VIII/97)degpos.eq.ranullableDEVdeg? Declination (J2000) of the source in the VLSSr catalogue (Lane et al., 2014, Cat. VIII/97)degpos.eq.decnullableFVLSSr? Integrated VLSSr flux density at 74GHz (Lane et al., 2014, Cat. VIII/97)Jyphot.flux.density;em.mm.50-100GHzfloatnullablee_FVLSSr? Uncertainty in integrated VLSSr flux densityJystat.errordoublenullableRAFdegRight ascension (J2000) of the source in the FIRST catalogue (Helfand et al., 2015, Cat. VIII/92)degpos.eq.raDEFdegDeclination (J2000) of the source in the FIRST catalogue (Helfand et al., 2015, Cat. VIII/92)degpos.eq.decFFIRSTIntegrated FIRST flux density at 1.4GHz (Helfand et al., 2015, Cat. VIII/92)Jyphot.flux.density;em.radio.750-1500MHzdoublee_FFIRSTUncertainty in integrated FIRST flux densityJystat.errordoubleRAideg? Right ascension (J2000) of the source in the LoTSS in-band spectrum cataloguedegpos.eq.ranullableDEideg? Declination (J2000) of the source in the LoTSS in-band spectrum cataloguedegpos.eq.decnullableSinbandLow? Integrated LoTSS 128MHz in-band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.100-200MHzdoublenullablee_SinbandLow? Uncertainty in integrated LoTSS 128MHz in-band flux densityJystat.errordoublenullableSinbandMid? Integrated LoTSS 144MHz in-band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.100-200MHzdoublenullablee_SinbandMid? Uncertainty in integrated LoTSS 144MHz in-band flux densityJystat.errordoublenullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000) of the source in the LoTSS cataloguedegpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000) of the source in the LoTSS cataloguedegpos.eq.dec;meta.mainFLoTSSIntegrated LoTSS flux density at 120-168MHzJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.100-200MHzdoublee_FLoTSSUncertainty in integrated LoTSS flux densityJystat.errordoublealowLow frequency amplitude of the power-law fit between 54 and 144MHzJyspect.indexdoublealphalowLow frequency spectral index between 54 and 144MHzspect.indexdoublee_alphalowUncertainty on low frequency spectral index between 54 and 144MHzstat.errordoubleahighLow frequency amplitude of the power-law fit between 144 and 1400MHzJyspect.indexdoublealphahighHigh frequency spectral index between 144 and 1400MHzspect.indexdoublee_alphahighUncertainty on high frequency spectral index between 144 and 1400MHzstat.errordoubleRALdegRight ascension (J2000) of the source in the LoLSS cataloguedegpos.eq.raDELdegDeclination (J2000) of the source in the LoLSS cataloguedegpos.eq.decFLoLSSIntegrated LoLSS flux density at 42-66MHzJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.20-100MHzdoublee_FLoLSSUncertainty in integrated LoLSS flux densityJystat.errordoubleRANdegRight ascension (J2000) of the source in the NVSS catalogue (Condon et al., 1988, Cat. VIII/65)degpos.eq.raDENdegDeclination (J2000) of the source in the NVSS catalogue (Condon et al., 1988, Cat. VIII/65)degpos.eq.decFNVSSIntegrated NVSS flux density at 1.4GHz (Condon et al., 1988, Cat. VIII/65)Jyphot.flux.density;em.radio.750-1500MHzfloate_FNVSSUncertainty in integrated NVSS flux densityJystat.errordoubleRATdeg? Right ascension (J2000) of the source in the TGSS catalogue (Intema et al., 2017, Cat. J/A+A/598/A78)degpos.eq.ranullableSinbandHigh? Integrated LoTSS 160MHz in-band flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.radio.100-200MHzdoublenullablee_SinbandHigh? Uncertainty in integrated LoTSS 160MHz in-band flux densityJystat.errordoublenullableNameOptName of source in the optical cataloguemeta.idcharDETdeg? Declination (J2000) of the source in the TGSS catalogue (Intema et al., 2017, Cat. J/A+A/598/A78)degpos.eq.decnullableRAodeg? Right ascension (J2000) of the source in the optical cataloguedegpos.eq.ranullableDEodeg? Declination (J2000) of the source in the optical cataloguedegpos.eq.decnullablezsp? Spectroscopic redshiftsrc.redshiftdoublenullablezph? Photometric redshiftsrc.redshiftdoublenullableRefOpt[1/2] Reference of optical catalogue (LoTSS DR1/DR2)meta.codefloatL144MHz? Calculated 144MHz luminosityW/Hzphys.luminosity;em.radio.100-200MHz;meta.modelleddoublenullableL5GHz? Calculated 5GHz luminosityW/Hzphys.luminosity;em.radio.3-6GHz;meta.modelleddoublenullableLoTSSName of source in the LoTSS catalogue, ILTJHHMMSS.ss+DDMMSS.smeta.id;meta.mainchar