J/A+A/667/A163ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/667/A163doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36670163CDSMiret-Roig N.Galli P.A.B.Olivares J.Bouy H.Alves J.Barrado D.2024-11-06T20:01:10Z2022-11-23T07:37:01ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxyopen-star-clustersradial-velocityvisible-astronomyUnderstanding how star formation begins and propagates through molecular clouds is a fundamental but still open question. One major difficulty in addressing this question is the lack of precise 3D kinematics and age information of young stellar populations. Thanks to Gaia's astrometry, large spectroscopic surveys, and improved age-dating methods, this picture is changing. We aim to study spatial and kinematic substructures of the region encompassed by Upper Scorpius and Ophiuchus star forming regions. We want to determine dynamical traceback ages and study the star formation history of the complex. We combined our spectroscopic observations with spectra in public archives and large radial velocity surveys to obtain a precise radial velocity sample to complement the Gaia astrometry. We used a Gaussian Mixture Model to identify different kinematic structures in the 6D space of positions and velocities. We applied an orbital traceback analysis to estimate a dynamical traceback age for each group and determine the place where it was born. We identified seven different groups in this region. Four groups (nu Sco, beta Sco, sigma Sco and delta Sco) are part of Upper Scorpius, two groups (rho Oph and alpha Sco) are in Ophiuchus, and another group (pi Sco) is a nearby young population. We found an age gradient from the rho Oph group (the youngest) to the delta Sco group (<~5Myr), showing that star formation was a sequential process for the past 5Myr. Our traceback analysis shows that Upper Scorpius and rho Oph groups share a common origin. The closer group of pi Sco is probably older, and the traceback analysis suggests that this group and the alpha Sco group have a different origin, likely related to other associations in the Sco-Cen complex. Our study shows that this region has a complex star formation history that goes beyond the current formation scenario, likely a result of stellar feedback from massive stars, supernovae explosions, and dynamic interactions between stellar groups and the molecular gas. In particular, we speculate that photo-ionisation from the massive delta Sco star could have triggered star formation first in the beta Sco group and then in the nu Sco group. The perturbations of stellar orbits due to stellar feedback and dynamical interactions could also be responsible for the 1-3Myr difference that we found between dynamical traceback ages and isochronal ages.2022A&A...667A.163Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/667/A163CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/355 : Gaia DR3 Part 1. Main source (Gaia Collaboration, 2022)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/667/A163https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/667/A163http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/667/A163https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/667/A163https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/667/A163http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/667/A163GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/667/A163/table (New radial velocities measured and membership)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A163/table?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A163/table?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/667/A163/table?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true236.84710217702-25.867832124920.0055555555555555564/2683-2684 2686-2687 2769 2772 5/7339 10715 10727 10731 10740 10742-10743 11072-11073 11075 11084-11085 11087 11092-11094 11096-11097 11099-11100 6/29320 29322-29323 29347-29348 29351-29354 29368 29370 30721-30724 30728 42855 42859 42874-42875 42901 42903 42906-42907 42919 42923 42964 42966-42967 44297 44299 44324-44325 44327 44345 44380 44382 44392-44394 44404 44408-44410 44480-44481 44483 44485-44486 444891.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/667/A163?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/667/A163/tableNew radial velocities measured and membershipSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[1/3457] Internal identificationmeta.idintGaiaDR3? Gaia DR3 source idmeta.id;meta.mainnullableNameSimbad namemeta.idcharRA_ICRSRight ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainX? Galactic Heliocentric X coordinatepcpos.cartesian.x;pos.heliocentric;pos.galacticdoublenullablee_X? Uncertainty in Galactic Heliocentric X coordinatepcstat.error;pos.cartesian.xdoublenullableY? Galactic Heliocentric Y coordinatepcpos.cartesian.y;pos.galactic;pos.heliocentricdoublenullablee_Y? Uncertainty in Galactic Heliocentric Y coordinatepcstat.error;pos.cartesian.ydoublenullableZ? Galactic Heliocentric Z coordinatepcpos.cartesian.z;pos.galactic;pos.heliocentricdoublenullablee_Z? Uncertainty in Galactic Heliocentric Z coordinatepcstat.error;src.redshiftdoublenullableU? Heliocentric U velocitykm/spos.cartesian.xdoublenullablee_U? Uncertainty in Heliocentric U velocitykm/sstat.error;pos.cartesian.xdoublenullableV? Heliocentric V velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.cartesian.ydoublenullablee_V? Uncertainty in Heliocentric V velocitykm/sstat.error;pos.cartesian.ydoublenullableW? Heliocentric W velocitykm/spos.cartesian.zdoublenullablee_W? Uncertainty in Heliocentric W velocitykm/sstat.error;pos.cartesian.zdoublenullablememb5D[0/1] Bonafide member with 5D astrometry (see text)meta.code.memberintmemb6D[0/1] Bonafide member with 5D astrometry + radial velocity (see text)meta.code.memberintGmag? Gaia DR3 G band photometrymagphot.mag;em.optdoublenullableBPmag? Gaia DR3 BP band photometrymagphot.mag;em.opt.BdoublenullableRPmag? Gaia DR3 RP band photometrymagphot.mag;em.opt.RdoublenullableGLON[]? Galactic longitudedegpos.galactic.lonnullableGLAT? Galactic latitudedegpos.galactic.latdoublenullableallRVIndividual radial velocity measurements, in km/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricchare_allRVUncertainty in individual radial velocity measurements, in km/sstat.errorcharRV? Final radial velocity measured in this studykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublenullablee_RV? Uncertainty in final radial velocity measured in this studykm/sstat.errordoublenullabler_RVReference of the instruments usedmeta.ref;pos.framecharallMJDJulian date of the individual radial velocity measurementstime.epochcharBin[0/1] Boolean suspected binary (see text)meta.codeintGroupNameMembership (1)meta.id.parentchar