J/A+A/666/A143ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/666/A143doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36660143CDSKossakowski D.Kuerster M.Henning T.Trifonov T. Caballero J.A.,Lafarga M.Bauer F.F.Stock S.Kemmer J.Jeffers S.V.Amado P.J. ,Perez-Torres M.Bejar V.J.S.Cortes-Contreras M.Ribas I.Reiners A.,Quirrenbach A.Aceituno J.Baroch D.Cifuentes C.Dreizler S.,Hatzes A.Kaminski A.Montes D.Morales J. C.Pavlov A.Pena L.,Perdelwitz V.Reffert S.Revilla D.Rodriguez Lopez C.Rosich A.,Sadegi S.Sanz-Forcada J.Schoefer P.Schweitzer A.Zechmeister M.2022-11-18T09:28:02Z2022-10-19T09:20:11ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsm-starsdwarf-starsexoplanetsspectroscopyradial-velocityvisible-astronomyA challenge with radial-velocity (RV) data is disentangling the origin of signals either due to a planetary companion or to stellar activity. Obtaining data over a large time span and wavelength range for this reason is crucial, but can oftentimes be difficult to achieve. The existence of a planetary companion has been proposed, as well as contested, around the relatively bright, nearby M3.0V star AD Leo at the same period as the stellar rotation of 2.23d. We further investigate the nature of this signal for the flare star. We introduce new CARMENES optical and near-IR RV data and an analysis in combination with archival data taken by HIRES and HARPS, along with more recent data taken by HARPS-N, GIANO-B, and HPF. Additionally, we address the confusion concerning the binarity of AD Leo. We consider possible correlations that the RVs may have with an assortment of stellar activity indicators accessible with CARMENES. We additionally performed a variety of modeling techniques considering all RV data using the Bayesian log evidence to determine whether a Keplerian planetary model, a red-noise quasi-periodic stellar activity model using a Gaussian process, or a mixed model would explain the observed data best. In addition, we take a closer look at spectral lines potentially associated with stellar activity. The CARMENES RV data agree with the previously reported periodicity of 2.23d, correlate with some activity indicators, and exhibit chromaticity. However, when considering the entire, extensive RV data set, we find that a mixed model composed of a stable and a variable component performs best. Moreover, when recomputing the RVs using only spectral lines insensitive to activity, there appears to be some residual power at the period of interest. We therefore conclude that it is not possible to determinedly prove that there is no planet orbiting in synchronization with the stellar rotation given our data, current tools, machinery, and knowledge of how stellar activity affects RVs. We do rule out planets more massive than 27M_{Earth}_ (=0.084M_{Jup}_). In addition, we rule out any binary companion around AD Leo with Msini greater than 3-6M_{Jup}_ on orbital periods <14yr.2022A&A...666A.143Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/666/A143CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toJ/A+A/637/A13 : AD Leo high resolution spectra (Muheki+, 2020)J/A+A/638/A5 : HD 285507 and AD Leo light and velocity curves (Carleo+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/666/A143https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/666/A143http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/666/A143https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/666/A143https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/666/A143http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/666/A143GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/666/A143/carvs1CARMENES-VIS radial velocities of AD Leo (season 1) (table A2)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVRadial velocity uncertaintym/sstat.errordoubleJ/A+A/666/A143/carvs2CARMENES-VIS radial velocities of AD Leo (season 2) (table A2)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVRadial velocity uncertaintym/sstat.errordoubleJ/A+A/666/A143/carns1CARMENES-NIR radial velocities of AD Leo (season 1) (table A3)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVRadial velocity uncertaintym/sstat.errordoubleJ/A+A/666/A143/carns2CARMENES-NIR radial velocities of AD Leo (season 2) (table A3)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVRadial velocity uncertaintym/sstat.errordoubleJ/A+A/666/A143/harpsHARPS-S radial velocities of AD Leo (table A4)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVRadial velocity uncertaintym/sstat.errordoubleJ/A+A/666/A143/hiresHIRES radial velocities of AD Leo (table A5)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleRVRadial velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVRadial velocity uncertaintym/sstat.errordoubleJ/A+A/666/A143/carvs1-aCARMENES-VIS stellar activity indicators of AD Leo (season 1) (Fig. C1)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleCRXChromatic index (in m/s/Np unit)spect.indexdoublee_CRXChromatic index uncertainty (in m/s/Np unit)stat.errordoubledLWDifferential line width1000m**2.s**-2spect.line.width;arith.diffdoublee_dLWDifferential line width uncertainty1000m**2.s**-2stat.errordoubleCAIRT1CaII-IRT1 index (8498.02) (-15,15)km/sspect.indexdoublee_CAIRT1CaII-IRT1 index uncertaintystat.errordoubleCAIRT2CaII-IRT2 index (8542.09) (-15,15)km/sspect.indexdoublee_CAIRT2CaII-IRT2 index uncertaintystat.errordoubleCAIRT3CaII-IRT3 index (8662.14) (-15,15)km/sspect.indexdoublee_CAIRT3CaII-IRT3 index uncertaintystat.errordoubleHalphaH{alpha} indexspect.indexdoublee_HalphaH{alpha} index uncertaintystat.error;spect.linedoubleTiO7050Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 7050{AA}spect.indexdoublee_TiO7050Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 7050{AA} uncertaintystat.errordoubleTiO8430Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 8430{AA} indexspect.indexdoublee_TiO8430Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 8430{AA} index uncertaintystat.errordoubleTiO8860Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 8860{AA} indexspect.indexdoublee_TiO8860Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 8860{AA} index uncertaintystat.errordoubleBISCCF bisector velocity spanm/sphys.velocdoublee_BISCCF Bisector velocity span uncertaintym/sstat.errordoubleCTRCCF contrast%stat.fit.paramdoublee_CTRCCF contrast uncertainty%stat.errordoubleFWHMCCF full width at half maximumkm/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHMCCF full width at half maximum uncertaintykm/sstat.error;phys.angSizedoubleJ/A+A/666/A143/carvs2-aCARMENES-VIS stellar activity indicators of AD Leo (season 2) (Fig. C1)HalphaH{alpha} indexspect.indexdoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleCRXChromatic index (in m/s/Np unit)spect.indexdoublee_CRXChromatic index uncertainty (in m/s/Np unit)stat.errordoubledLWDifferential line width1000m**2.s**-2spect.line.width;arith.diffdoublee_dLWDifferential line width uncertainty1000m**2.s**-2stat.errordoubleCAIRT1CaII-IRT1 index (8498.02) (-15,15)km/sspect.indexdoublee_CAIRT1CaII-IRT1 index uncertaintystat.errordoubleCAIRT2CaII-IRT2 index (8542.09) (-15,15)km/sspect.indexdoublee_CAIRT2CaII-IRT2 index uncertaintystat.errordoubleCAIRT3CaII-IRT3 index (8662.14) (-15,15)km/sspect.indexdoublee_CAIRT3CaII-IRT3 index uncertaintystat.errordoublee_HalphaH{alpha} index uncertaintystat.error;spect.linedoubleTiO7050Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 7050{AA}spect.indexdoublee_TiO7050Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 7050{AA} uncertaintystat.errordoubleTiO8430Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 8430{AA} indexspect.indexdoublee_TiO8430Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 8430{AA} index uncertaintystat.errordoubleTiO8860Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 8860{AA} indexspect.indexdoublee_TiO8860Photospheric TiO absorption band index at 8860{AA} index uncertaintystat.errordoubleBISCCF bisector velocity spanm/sphys.velocdoublee_BISCCF Bisector velocity span uncertaintym/sstat.errordoubleCTRCCF contrast%stat.fit.paramdoublee_CTRCCF contrast uncertainty%stat.errordoubleFWHMCCF full width at half maximumkm/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHMCCF full width at half maximum uncertaintykm/sstat.error;phys.angSizedoubleJ/A+A/666/A143/carns1-aCARMENES-NIR stellar activity indicators of AD Leo (season 1) (Fig. C2)CTRCCF contrast%stat.fit.paramdoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleCRXChromatic index (in m/s/Np unit)spect.indexdoublee_CRXChromatic index uncertainty (in m/s/Np unit)stat.errordoubledLWDifferential line width1000m**2.s**-2spect.line.width;arith.diffdoublee_dLWDifferential line width uncertainty1000m**2.s**-2stat.errordoubleBISCCF bisector velocity spanm/sphys.velocdoublee_BISCCF Bisector velocity span uncertaintym/sstat.errordoublee_CTRCCF contrast uncertainty%stat.errordoubleFWHMCCF full width at half maximumkm/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHMCCF full width at half maximum uncertaintykm/sstat.error;phys.angSizedoubleJ/A+A/666/A143/carns2-aCARMENES-NIR stellar activity indicators of AD Leo (season 2) (Fig. C3)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleCRXChromatic index (in m/s/Np unit)spect.indexdoublee_CRXChromatic index uncertainty (in m/s/Np unit)stat.errordoubledLWDifferential line width1000m**2.s**-2spect.line.width;arith.diffdoublee_dLWDifferential line width uncertainty1000m**2.s**-2stat.errordoubleBISCCF bisector velocity spanm/sphys.velocdoublee_BISCCF Bisector velocity span uncertaintym/sstat.errordoubleCTRCCF contrast%stat.fit.paramdoublee_CTRCCF contrast uncertainty%stat.errordoubleFWHMCCF full width at half maximumkm/sspect.line.widthdoublee_FWHMCCF full width at half maximum uncertaintykm/sstat.error;phys.angSizedoubleJ/A+A/666/A143/harps-aHARPS-S stellar activity indicators of AD Leo (Fig. C3)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBJDBarycentric Julian datedtime.epochdoubleCRXChromatic index (in m/s/Np unit)spect.indexfloate_CRXChromatic index uncertainty (in m/s/Np unit)stat.errorfloatdLWDifferential line width1000m**2.s**-2spect.line.width;arith.difffloate_dLWDifferential line width uncertainty1000m**2.s**-2stat.errorfloatBISCCF bisector velocity spanm/sphys.velocfloate_BISCCF Bisector velocity span uncertaintym/sstat.errorfloatCTRCCF contrast%stat.fit.paramfloate_CTRCCF contrast uncertainty%stat.errorfloatFWHMCCF full width at half maximumkm/sspect.line.widthfloate_FWHMCCF full width at half maximum uncertaintykm/sstat.error;phys.angSizefloat