J/A+A/665/A30ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/665/A30doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36650030CDSStelzer B.Bogner M.Magaudda E.Raetz St.2023-11-09T08:13:06Z2022-09-07T08:25:54ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frm-starsx-ray-sourcesMore than 4000 exoplanets have been discovered to date, providing the search for a place capable of hosting life with a large number of targets. With the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) having completed its primary mission in July 2020, the number of planets confirmed by follow-up observations is growing further. Crucial for planetary habitability is not only a suitable distance of the planet to its host star, but also the star's properties. Stellar magnetic activity, and especially flare events, expose planets to a high photon flux and potentially erode their atmospheres. Here especially the poorly constrained high-energy UV and X-ray domain is relevant. We characterize the magnetic activity of M dwarfs to provide the planet community with information on the energy input from the star; in particular, next to the frequency of optical flares directly observed with TESS we aim at estimating the corresponding X-ray flare frequencies making use of the small pool of known events observed simultaneously in both wavebands. We identified 112 M dwarfs with a TESS magnitude <=11.5 for which TESS can probe the full habitable zone for transits. These 112 stars have 1276 two-minute cadence TESS light curves from the primary mission which we searched for rotational modulation and flares. We study the link between rotation and flares and between flare properties, e.g. the flare amplitude-duration relation and cumulative flare energy frequency distributions (FFDs). Assuming that each optical flare is associated to a flare in the X-ray band, and making use of published simultaneous Kepler/K2 and XMM-Newton flare studies, we estimate the X-ray energy released by our detected TESS flare events. Our calibration involves also the relation between flare energies in the TESS and K2 band. We detected more than 2500 optical flare events on a fraction of about 32% of our targets and found reliable rotation periods only for 12 stars which is a fraction of about 11%. For these 12 targets, we present cumulative flare energy frequency distributions (FFDs) and FFD power law fits. We construct FFDs in the X-ray band by calibrating optical flare energies to the X-rays. In the absence of directly observed X-ray FFDs for main-sequence stars, our predictions can serve for estimates of the high-energy input to the planet of a typical fast-rotating early- or mid-M dwarf.2022A&A...665A..30Shttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/665/A30CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toIV/38 : TESS Input Catalog - v8.0 (TIC-8) (Stassun+, 2019)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/665/A30https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/665/A30http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/665/A30https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/665/A30https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/665/A30http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/665/A30GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/665/A30/tablea1 (Stellar parameters for our 112 stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/665/A30/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/665/A30/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/665/A30/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true67.0237633-62.15698170.0055555555555555566/10074 10079 10096 10099 10101 10103 10141 10169 10178 10184-10185 10199 10226 10232 11541-11542 11569 11573 11593 11596 11611 11618 11624 11632 11636 11665 11675 11677 11697 11729 11732 11761-11762 11767 12116 12121 12157 15229 15298 15306 15311 15316 15324 15327 15340 15350-15351 15355 15911 15969 15975-15976 15995 16012 16018 16021 16030 16034 16041 16047 16075 16086 16117 16121 16123 16127 16262 16301 32854 32859 32861 33037 33049 33141 33149 33234 33244 33832 33870 33876 33920 33937 37041 37096 37379 37389 37406 37413 37453 37508-37510 37602 37609 37611 38922 38954 38957 38970 38986 39059 390801.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/665/A30?format=asciiX-raydefaultJ/A+A/665/A30/tablea1Stellar parameters for our 112 starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintmoreindicates data in table2, tablea2 and/or tablea3meta.ref.urlcharTICTIC number from TESS observationmeta.id;meta.mainlongprimaryONameLiterature name from Simbadmeta.idcharGaiaDR2Gaia-DR2 ID (G1)meta.id2MASS2MASS IDs (Skrutskie et al., 2006, Cat. VII/233)meta.idcharRAdegRight Ascension from TIC observations (J2000)degpos.eq.raDEdegDeclination from TIC observations (J2000)degpos.eq.decTmagTESS magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharMstarStellar mass (G2)solMassphys.massfloate_Mstarrms uncertainty on stellar mass (G2)solMassstat.errorfloatDistGaia-DR2 distance (G3)pcpos.distancefloate_Distrms uncertainty of Gaia-DR2 distance (G3)pcstat.errorfloatSpTypeSpectral type (G4)src.spTypefloatlogLquiTQuiescent luminosity in TESS bandlog(1e-07W)phys.luminosityfloatCPMflag[0/1] Common proper motion flag (G5)meta.codeint_RAPositions from TIC (Cat. IV/38) (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from TIC (Cat. IV/38) (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/665/A30/tablea2Stellar parameters for CPM pairsTIC? TIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainlongnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaDR2Gaia-DR2 ID (G1)meta.id2MASS2MASS IDs (Skrutskie et al., 2006, Cat. VII/233)meta.idcharDistGaia-DR2 distance (G3)pcpos.distancefloate_DistUncertainty on Gaia-DR2 distance (G3)pcstat.errorfloatRPmagGaia magnitude in RP band (G1)magphot.mag;em.opt.RfloatRstar? Stellar radius (G2)solRadphys.size.radiusfloatnullablee_Rstar? Uncertainty on the stellar radius (G2)solRadstat.errorfloatnullableTeff? Effective temperature (G2)Kphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablee_Teff? Uncertainty on the effective temperature (G2)Kstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintnullableMstar? Stellar mass (G2)solMassphys.massfloatnullablee_Mstar? Uncertainty on the stellar mass (G2)solMassstat.errorfloatnullableSpTypeSpectral type (G4)src.spTypecharSep? Angular separation from the p.m. companion stararcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullableFlagSep[0/1]? Flag on the separation (1)meta.code.errorintnullableFlagComp[0/1]? Flag on the proper motion companion (2)meta.code.errorintnullableJ/A+A/665/A30/tablea3Results of the rotation and flare search and contamination analysis for all starscontfactmin? The minimum contamination factor (1)arith.factorfloatnullablecontfactmax? The maximum contamination factor (1)arith.factorfloatnullableProt? Rotation periodmeta.notefloatnullableNflarestotTotal number of flaresmeta.numberintNflaresdaythresFlare frequency (Nflares_day_thres)d**-1em.freq;src.varfloatCPMflag[0/1] Common proper motion flag(2)meta.codeintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTICTIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainlongObsSectorsTESS sectors where the star is observedobs.fieldcharObs.durDuration of the observationtime.expofloatcontfactmean? Averaged contamination factor (1)arith.factorfloatnullableJ/A+A/665/A30/table2Flare parameters (for 35 stars)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTICTIC numbermeta.id;meta.mainlongFlare-startTime of flare start (JD-2450000)dtime.epochdoubleFlare-maxTime of flare maximum (JD-2450000)dtime.epochdoubleApeakNormalized flare amplitudesrc.var.amplitudefloatlogDeltaLFTAbsolute flare amplitudesrc.var.amplitudefloatEDEquivalent durationtime.intervalfloatlogEflareFlare energyphys.energyfloat