J/A+A/664/A65ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/664/A65doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36640065CDSPinamonti M.Sozzetti A.Maldonado J.Affer L.Micela G.Bonomo A.S.,Lanza A.F.Perger M.Ribas I.Gonzalez Hernandez J.I.Bignamini A.,Claudi R.Covino E.Damasso M.Desidera S.Giacobbe P.,Gonzalez-Alvarez E.Herrero E.Leto G.Maggio A.Molinari E.,Morales J.C.Pagano I.Petralia A.Piotto G.Poretti E.Rebolo R.,Scandariato G.Suarez Mascareno A.Toledo-Padron B.Zanmar Sanchez R.2022-11-13T17:31:38Z2022-08-10T12:57:11ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starslate-type-starsspectroscopyexoplanetsvisible-astronomyWe present the complete Bayesian statistical analysis of the HArps-n red Dwarf Exoplanet Survey (HADES), which monitored the radial velocities of a large sample of M dwarfs with HARPS-N at TNG, over the last 6 years. The targets were selected in a narrow range of spectral types from M0 to M3, 0.3M_{sun}_<M*<0.71M_{sun}_, in order to study the planetary population around a well-defined class of host stars. We take advantage of Bayesian statistics to derive an accurate estimate of the detectability function of the survey. Our analysis also includes the application of Gaussian Process approach to take into account stellar activity induced radial velocity variations, and improve the detection limits, around the most-observed and most-active targets. The Markov chain Monte Carlo and Gaussian process technique we apply in this analysis has proven very effective in the study of M-dwarf planetary systems, helping the detection of most of the HADES planets. From the detectability function we can calculate the occurrence rate of small mass planets around early-M dwarfs, either taking into account only the 11 already published HADES planets or adding also the 5 new planetary candidates discovered in this analysis, and compare them with the previous estimates of planet occurrence around M-dwarf or Solar-type stars: considering only the confirmed planets, we find the highest frequency for low-mass planets (1M_{earth}<m_p_sini<10M_{earth}) with periods 10d<P< 100d, f_occ_=85^+5^_-19_%, while for short-period planets (1d<P<10d) we find a frequency of f_occ_=10.3^+8.4^_-3.3_%, significantly lower than for later-M dwarfs; if instead we take into account also the new candidates, we observe the same general behaviours, but with consistently higher frequencies of low-mass planets. We also present new estimates of the occurrence rates of long-period giant planets and temperate planets inside the Habitable Zone of early-M dwarfs: in particular we find that the frequency of habitable planets could be as low as eta_{earth}<17.1%. These results, and their comparison with other surveys focused on different stellar types, confirms the central role that stellar mass plays in the formation and evolution of planetary systems.2022A&A...664A..65Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/664/A65CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/593/A117 : GJ 3998 RVs, S and Halpha indexes (Affer+, 2016)J/A+A/598/A26 : HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG. II. (Perger+, 2017)J/A+A/605/A92 : GJ 625 HARPS-N data (Suarez Mascareno+, 2017)J/A+A/608/A63 : HADES VI. GJ 3942b activity with HARPS-N (Perger+, 2017)J/A+A/622/A193 : Gl686 RV curves and BVR photometry (Affer+, 2019)J/A+A/644/A68 : Abundance signature of M dwarf stars (Maldonado+, 2020)J/A+A/651/A93 : A candidate super-Earth orbiting GJ 9689 (Maldonado+, 2021)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/664/A65https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/664/A65http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/664/A65https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/664/A65https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/664/A65http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/664/A65GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/664/A65/stars (List of studied stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/664/A65/stars?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/664/A65/stars?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/664/A65/stars?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true318.231041731.131750.0055555555555555566/307 1212 1530 1791 1845 1896 2737 2747 3031 3266 3682 3715 3766 5207 5534 6883 6924 7725 7940 8733 8739 8915 9681 10146 10149 10225 10464 10683 12814 13157 13165 13912 15052 15960 18195 19466 19559 19776 20109 20311 26821 27734 28223 28343 28494 28646 30429 30625 30893 31229 32052 32234 32259 32319 32335https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/664/A65?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/664/A65/starsList of studied starsSNameSimbad namemeta.idcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTargetTarget identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Simbad right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Simbad declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVCShow the Radial Velocity curvesmeta.ref.urlcharNobsNumber of measurements in hades.datmeta.numberintSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/A+A/664/A65/hadesObservational HADES datarecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTargetTarget identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharBJDObservation date (BJD-2400000)dtime.epochdoubleRVRadial Velocitym/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricdoublee_RVUncertainty on radial velocitym/sstat.errordoubleCaIIActivity CaII indexspect.indexdoublee_CaIIUncertainty on CaII indexstat.errordoubleHalphaActivity Halpha indexspect.indexdoublee_HalphaUncertainty on Halpha indexstat.error;spect.linedoubleNaIActivity NaI indexmeta.code;spect.indexdoublee_NaIUncertainty on NaI indexstat.errordoubleHeIActivity HeI indexspect.indexdoublee_HeIUncertainty on HeI indexstat.errordouble