J/A+A/663/A98ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/663/A98doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36630098CDSTesti L.Natta A.Manara C.F.de Gregorio Monsalvo I.Lodato G.,Lopez C.Muzic K.Pascucci I.Sanchis E.Santamaria Miranda A.,Scholz A.De Simone M.Williams J.P.2022-08-26T08:06:20Z2022-07-19T12:58:38ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frprotostarsmillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomyPlanets form during the first few Myr of the evolution of the star-disk system, possibly before the end of the embedded phase. The properties of very young disks and their subsequent evolution reflect the presence and properties of their planetary content. We present a study of the Class II/F disk population in L1688, the densest and youngest region of star formation in Ophiuchus. We also compare it to other well-known nearby regions of different ages, namely Lupus, Chamaeleon I, Corona Australis, Taurus and Upper Scorpius. We selected our L1688 sample using a combination of criteria (available ALMA data, Gaia membership, and optical and near-IR spectroscopy) to determine the stellar and disk properties, specifically stellar mass (M*), average population age, mass accretion rate (dM/dt_acc_) and disk dust mass (Mdust). We applied the same procedure in a consistent manner to the other regions. Results. In L1688 the relations between dM/dt_acc_ and M*, Mdust and M*, and dM/dt_acc_ Mdust have a roughly linear trend with slopes 1.8-1.9 for the first two relations and ~1 for the third, which is similar to what found in the other regions. When ordered according to the characteristic age of each region, which ranging from ~0.5 to ~5Myr, dM/dt_acc_ as t^-1^, when corrected for the different stellar mass content; Mdust follows roughly the same trend, ranging between 0.5 and 5Myr, but has an increase of a factor of ~3 at ages of 2-3Myr. We suggest that this could result from an earlier planet formation, followed by collisional fragmentation that temporarily replenishes the millimeter-size grain population. The dispersion of dM/dt_acc_ and Mdust around the best-fitting relation with M*, as well as that of dM/dt_acc_ Mdust are equally large. When adding all the regions together to increase the statistical significance, we find that the dispersions have continuous distributions with a log-normal shape and similar widths (~0.8dex). This detailed study of L1688 confirms the general picture of Class II/F disk properties and extends it to a younger age. The amount of dust observed at ~1Myr is not sufficient to assemble the majority of planetary systems, which suggests an earlier formation process for planetary cores. The dust mass traces to a large extent the disk gas mass evolution, even if the ratio Mdust/Mdisk at the earliest age (0.5-1Myr) is not known. Two properties are still not understood: the steep dependence of dM/dt_acc_ Mdust on M* and the cause of the large dispersion in the three relations analyzed in this paper, in particular that of the dM/dt_acc_ Mdust relation.2022A&A...663A..98Thttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/663/A98CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A98https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A98http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A98https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A98https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A98http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A98GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A98/tablea1 (VLMS and BDs in L1688 with ALMA 0.89mm data)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true246.577418333-24.4977373330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A98/tableb1 (Properties of stars and disks in L1688)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tableb1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tableb1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tableb1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true246.2489219-24.9335650.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A98/tablec1 (Properties of stars and disks in Lupus)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablec1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablec1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablec1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true234.8657153-34.77144750.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A98/tabled1 (Properties of stars and disks in Upper Scorpius)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tabled1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tabled1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tabled1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true233.9523333-29.98200720.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A98/tablee1 (Properties of stars and disks in Chamaeleon I)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablee1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablee1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablee1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true163.4156781-77.20942780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A98/tablef1 (Properties of stars and disks in Corona Australis)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablef1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablef1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tablef1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true284.1656131-37.12238140.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/663/A98/tableg1 (Properties of stars and disks in Taurus)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tableg1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tableg1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/663/A98/tableg1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true64.631624428.28281940.0055555555555555565/270 292 9239 11090-11091 11094 6/342 1029 1031 1037 1039-1040 1042-1043 1047-1048 1050-1054 1061 1063 1068 1073-1075 1078 1111 1113-1115 1124 1126 1136 1156-1157 1159 1176 23517 23548-23549 23551 24201 24203 24295 24300 36946 36949 37122 37128-37129 42598-42599 42605 42610-42611 42614-42615 42704-42705 42707 42713-42714 42727 42736-42737 42943 42976 42979-42981 42983-42986 42990 42992 43001 44118 44311 44317 44319 44343 44352 44355-44356 44358 44371 44386 44389 44400-44401 47739 47742 47825 47827-478281.4908656533193022e-22 2.283270615984385e-22https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/663/A98?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/A+A/663/A98/tablea1VLMS and BDs in L1688 with ALMA 0.89mm dataSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullabledDistancepcpos.distancefloatDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainAKExtinction in K-bandmagphys.absorptionfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameObject Namemeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainSpTypeSpectral Typesrc.spTypecharTeffEffective TemperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlog(Lstar)Luminosity (Log10)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatMstarMasssolMassphys.massfloatFpeak? 0.89mm peak fluxmJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatnullablee_Fpeak? 0.89mm peak flux errormJy/beamstat.errorfloatnullablel_FtotLimit flag on Ftotmeta.code.errorcharFtot0.89mm integrated fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloate_Ftot? 0.89mm integrated flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableRef[T16] Original reference for datameta.ref;pos.framecharJ/A+A/663/A98/tableb1Properties of stars and disks in L1688SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintSpitzerSpitzer Name (JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS or Name)meta.idchar2MASS2MASS Name (HHMMSS.s+DDMMSS or JHHMMSS.s+DDMMSS)meta.id;meta.mainchardDistancepcpos.distancefloatSpTypeSpectral Typesrc.spTypecharAJExtinction in J-bandmagphys.absorptionfloatTeffEffective TemperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlog(Lstar)Luminosity (Log10)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatMstarMasslog(solMass)phys.massfloatl_F225GHz[<= ] Limit flag on F225GHzmeta.code.errorcharF225GHz225GHz fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloate_F225GHz? 225GHz flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableMdustDust mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatl_log(Lacc)[<= ] Limit flag on log(Lacc)meta.code.errorcharlog(Lacc)? Accretion luminosity (Log10)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablel_log(dMacc/dt)[<= ] Limit flag on log(dMacc/dt)meta.code.errorcharlog(dMacc/dt)? Mass accretion rate (Log10)log(solMass.yr**-1)arith.rate;phys.massfloatnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/663/A98/tablec1Properties of stars and disks in LupusSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableMdustDust mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatl_log(Lacc)[<= ] Limit flag on log(Lacc)meta.code.errorcharlog(Lacc)Acc. Luminosity (Log10))log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatl_log(dMacc/dt)[<= ] Limit flag on log(dMacc/dt)meta.code.errorcharlog(dMacc/dt)Mass Acc. Rate (Log10)log(solMass.yr**-1)arith.rate;phys.massfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS Name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs or Name)meta.id;meta.mainchardDistancepcpos.distancefloatTeffEffective TemperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlog(Lstar)Luminosity (Log10)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatMstarMasssolMassphys.massfloatl_F225GHz[<= ] Limit flag on F225GHzmeta.code.errorcharF225GHz225GHz FluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloate_F225GHz? 225GHz Flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableJ/A+A/663/A98/tabled1Properties of stars and disks in Upper ScorpiusSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS Name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.mainchardDistancepcpos.distancefloatTeffEffective TemperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlog(Lstar)Luminosity (Log10))log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatMstarMass (Msun)solMassphys.massfloatl_F345GHz[<= ] Limit flag on F345GHzmeta.code.errorcharF345GHz345GHz fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloate_F345GHz? 345GHz flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableMdustDust mass (Mearth)(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatl_log(Lacc)[<= ] Limit flag on log(Lacc)meta.code.errorcharlog(Lacc)? Accretion Luminosity (Log10)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablel_log(dMacc/dt)[<= ] Limit flag on log(dMacc/dt)meta.code.errorcharlog(dMacc/dt)? Mass Accretion Rate (Log10))log(solMass.yr**-1)arith.rate;phys.massfloatnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/663/A98/tablee1Properties of stars and disks in Chamaeleon ISimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS Name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.mainchardDistancepcpos.distancefloatTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlog(Lstar)Luminosity (Log10)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatMstarMasssolMassphys.massfloatl_F345GHz[<= ] Limit flag on F345GHzmeta.code.errorcharF345GHz345GHz fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloate_F345GHz? 345GHz Flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableMdustDust mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloatlog(Lacc)Accretion luminosity (Log10)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatlog(dMacc/dt)Mass Accretion rate (Log10)log(solMass.yr**-1)arith.rate;phys.massfloatJ/A+A/663/A98/tablef1Properties of stars and disks in Corona AustralisSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableMstarMasssolMassphys.massfloatl_F225GHz[<= ] Limit flag on F225GHzmeta.code.errorcharF225GHz225GHz fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordint2MASS2MASS Name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.mainchardDistancepcpos.distancefloatTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintlog(Lstar)Luminosity (Log10)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloate_F225GHz? 225GHz flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableMdustDust mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/663/A98/tableg1Properties of stars and disks in TaurusSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullable2MASS2MASS Name (JHHMMSSss+DDMMSSA)meta.id;meta.maincharTeffEffective TemperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintdDistancepcpos.distancefloatlog(Lstar)Luminosity (Log10)log(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatMstarMasssolMassphys.massfloatl_F225GHz[<= ] Limit flag on F225GHzmeta.code.errorcharF225GHz225GHz fluxmJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloate_F225GHz? 225GHz flux errormJystat.errorfloatnullableMdustDust mass(5.97236x10+24kg)phys.massfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main