J/A+A/663/A142ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/663/A142doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36630142CDSMaldonado J.Colombo S.Petralia A.Benatti S.Desidera S.,Malavolta L.Lanza A.F.Damasso M.Micela G.Mallonn M.Messina S.,Sozzetti A.Stelzer B.Biazzo K.Gratton R.Maggio A.Nardiello D.,Scandariato G.Affer L.Baratella M.Claudi R.Molinari E.,Bignamini A.Covino E.Pagano I.Piotto G.Poretti E.Cosentino R.,Carleo I.2022-12-16T22:21:09Z2022-07-27T15:56:19ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frActive region evolution plays an important role in the generation and variability of magnetic fields on the surface of lower main-sequence stars. However, determining the lifetime of active region growth and decay as well as their evolution is a complex task. Most previous studies of this phenomenon are based on optical light curves, while little is known about the chromosphere and the transition region. We aim to test whether the lifetime for active region evolution shows any dependency on the stellar parameters, specially on the stellar age. We identify a sample of stars with well-defined ages via their kinematics and membership to young stellar associations and moving groups. We made use of high-resolution echelle spectra from HARPS at La Silla 3.6m-telescope and HARPS-N at TNG to compute rotational velocities, activity levels, and emission excesses. We use these data to revisit the activity-rotation-age relationship. The time-series of the main optical activity indicators, namely CaII H & K, Balmer lines, NaI D_1_, D_2_, and HeI D_3_, % and use the were analysed together with the available photometry by using state-of-the-art Gaussian processes to model the stellar activity of these stars. Autocorrelation functions of the available photometry were also analysed. We use the derived lifetimes for active region evolution to search for correlations with the stellar age, the spectral type, and the level of activity. We also use the pooled variance technique to characterise the activity behaviour of our targets. Our analysis confirms the decline of activity and rotation as the star ages. We also confirm that the rotation rate decays with age more slowly for cooler stars and that, for a given age, cooler stars show higher levels of activity. We show that F- and G-type young stars early-type (F,G) young stars also depart from the inactive stars in the flux-flux relationship. The gaussian process analysis of the different activity indicators does not seem to provide any useful information on active region's lifetime and evolution. On the other hand, active region's lifetimes derived from the light-curve analysis might correlate with the stellar age and temperature. Although we caution the small number statistics, our results suggest that active regions seem to live longer on younger, cooler, and more active stars.2022A&A...663A.142Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/663/A142CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A142https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A142http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/663/A142https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A142https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A142http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/663/A142GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapdefaultJ/A+A/663/A142/tablec1Galactic-spatial velocity components and membership to stellar kinematic groups and associationsStarStar identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintU? Galactic-spatial velocity Ulog(km.s**-1)phys.veloc;pos.cartesian.xfloatnullablee_U? Uncertainty on Ulog(km.s**-1)stat.error;pos.cartesian.xfloatnullableV? Galactic-spatial velocity Vlog(km.s**-1)phys.veloc;pos.cartesian.yfloatnullablee_V? Uncertainty on Vlog(km.s**-1)stat.error;pos.cartesian.yfloatnullableW? Galactic-spatial velocity Wlog(km.s**-1)phys.veloc;pos.cartesian.zfloatnullablee_W? Uncertainty on Wlog(km.s**-1)stat.error;pos.cartesian.zfloatnullableSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullableAssocStellar association (1)meta.id.parentcharHypBest hypothesis for stellar group or association membership (1)meta.codecharProbProbability for stellar group or association membershipstat.probabilityfloatJ/A+A/663/A142/tablec2Derived properties of the starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStarStar identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharAgeStellar ageMyrtime.ageintTeff? Effective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveintnullablee_Teff? Uncertainty on TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintnullableB-VColour index (B-V)magphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.Vfloatlog(R'HK)? Activity index derived from the CaII H+K linesphot.flux;arith.ratiofloatnullablee_log(R'HK)? Uncertainty on log(R'HK)stat.errorfloatnullablevsini? Projected rotational velocitykm/sphys.veloc.rotatfloatnullablee_vsini? Uncertainty on vsinikm/sstat.error;phys.veloc.rotatfloatnullableMass? Stellar masssolMassphys.massfloatnullablee_Mass? Uncertainty on MasssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloatnullableRadius? Stellar radiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatnullablee_Radius? Uncertainty on RadiussolRadstat.error;phys.size.radiusfloatnullableLum? Stellar luminositysolLumphys.luminosityfloatnullablee_Lum? Uncertainty on LuminositysolLumstat.errorfloatnullabletauconv? Turnover convective timescaledtime.scalefloatnullableNobsNumber of observationsmeta.numberintTspan? Time span of the observationsyrtime.interval;obsfloatnullableSNRMean signal-to-noise ratiostat.snr;stat.meanintJ/A+A/663/A142/tablec3Emission excess in the Ca II H, Ca II K, and H{alpha} linesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintStarStar identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharlogF(H)? CaII H excess emission flux (log)log(mW.m**-2)phot.flux;em.line.Halphafloatnullablee_logF(H)? Uncertainty on F(H)log(mW.m**-2)stat.errorfloatnullablelogF(K)? CaII K excess emission flux (log)log(mW.m**-2)phot.fluxfloatnullablee_logF(K)? Uncertainty on F(K)log(mW.m**-2)stat.errorfloatnullablelogF(Ha)? H{alpha} excess emission flux (log)log(mW.m**-2)phot.fluxfloatnullablee_logF(Ha)? Uncertainty on F(Ha)log(mW.m**-2)stat.errorfloatnullable