J/A+A/661/A85ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/661/A85doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36610085CDSKruk S.Garcia Martin P.Popescu M.Merin B.Mahlke M.Carry B.,Thomson R.Karadag S.Duran J.Racero E.Giordano F.Baines D.,de Marchi G.Laureijs R.2022-09-08T13:08:53Z2022-05-06T07:28:03ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-systemasteroidsastrometryLarge and publicly available astronomical archives open up new possibilities to search and study Solar System objects. However, advanced techniques are required to deal with the large amounts of data. These unbiased surveys can be used to constrain the size distribution of minor bodies, which represents a piece of the puzzle for the formation models of the Solar System. We aim to identify asteroids in archival images from the ESA Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Science data archive using data mining. We developed a citizen science project on the Zooniverse platform, Hubble Asteroid Hunter (www.asteroidhunter.org) asking members of the public to identify asteroid trails in archival HST images. We used the labels provided by the volunteers to train an automated deep learning model built with Google Cloud AutoML Vision to explore the entire HST archive to detect asteroids crossing the field-of-view. We report the detection of 1701 new asteroid trails identified in archival HST data via our citizen science project and the subsequent machine learning exploration of the ESA HST science data archive.We detect asteroids to a magnitude of 24.5, which are statistically fainter than the populations of asteroids identified from ground-based surveys. The majority of asteroids are distributed near the ecliptic plane, as expected, where we find an approximate density of 80 asteroids per square degree. We match 670 trails (39% of the trails found) with 454 known Solar System objects in the Minor Planet Center database, however, no matches are found for 1031 (61%) trails. The unidentified asteroids are faint, being on average 1.6 magnitudes fainter than the asteroids we succeeded to identify. They probably correspond to previously unknown objects. Citizen science and machine learning are very useful techniques for the systematic search of Solar System objects in existing astronomy science data archives. This work describes a method to find new asteroids in astronomical archives spanning decades in time, which could be effectively applied to other datasets, increasing the overall sample of well characterised small bodies in the Solar System and refining their ephemerides.2022A&A...661A..85Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/661/A85CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-towww.asteroidhunter.org : Hubble Asteroid Hunter Home Pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/661/A85https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/661/A85http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/661/A85https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/661/A85https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/661/A85http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/661/A85GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/661/A85/tablea1 (Asteroid trails identified in the Hubble Space Telescope observations)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/661/A85/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/661/A85/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/661/A85/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true172.608041073-0.3031088720.0055555555555555566/60 63 86 90 96 99 147 154 156-157 159 174 177 199-200 208 211 248 271 281 367 430 457 468 487 489 516 519 542 569 692 718 743 749 764 767 782 792 809 812 827 832 854 902 916 930 945 962 1023 1052 1157 1195 1251 1402 1488 1562 1665 1681 1705 1842 1943 1963 2115 2120-2121 2251 2265 2270 2389 2430 3109 3113 3122 3128 4212 4243 4354 4367 4428 4437 4444 4546 4583 4587 4593 4977 5259 5331 5333 5340 5526 5636 5723 5987 6145 7487 8061 8230 8286 8377 8501 8694 8737 8739 8782 8841 8918 8930 9849 9905 9910 10313 10626 10628 10636-10637 10745 10747 10895 11040 11195 14889 16545 16942 17048 17083 17117 17141 17160 17172-17173 17232 17241 17303 17356 17395 17622 17755 17758 17774 17808 17812 17952 17998 18073 18097 18108 18117 18161 18226 18261 18269-18270 18283 18290-18291 18317 18319 18330 18334 18341 18346 18353-18354 18356 18360 18368 18370-18371 18386 18400 18444 18473 18578 18613 18629 18673 18713 18842 18877 18889 18893 18901 18954 19076 19219 19302 19304 19392 19463 19472 19486 19512 19562 19566 19585 19600 19633 19650-19651 19659 19716 19741 19769 19813 19815 19832 19902 19962 19969 20336 20595 21069 21121 21124 22179 22376 22985 23010 23018 23020 23080 23117 23120 23139 23141 23143 23162 23166 23169 23207 23228 23239 23252 23286-23287 23289 23291 23325 23335 23343 23349 23430-23431 23437 23456 23461 23486 23503 23541 23822 23871 24035 24057 24165 24184 24207 24227 24242 24262 24379 24409-24410 24464 24467-24468 24514 24565 24712 24791 24871 24879-24880 24898 24963 25031 25036 25046 25048 25060 25062 25371 25377 25426 25456 25470 25492 25499-25500 25502 25506 25518 25520-25521 25523-25524 25527 25541 25544 25555 25581 25592 25649-25651 25654 25674 25695 25697 25701-25704 25706 25712 25714 25716 25733 25735 25745-25747 25755 25759 25764 25766 25781 25784 25800 25835 25852 25857-25858 25861 25868 25886 25889 25901 25907-25908 25914 25918 25928 25930 25954 25960 25966 26001 26007 26038 26050 26053 26055-26058 26078 26085-26086 26088 26108 26113 26116 26126 26135 26141-26142 26144 26152 26167 26173 26196 26200-26201 26213 26232 26259 26267 26270 26292 26295 26318 26324 26342 26345 26349-26350 26371 26384 26442 26448 26463 26497 26506 26516 26563 26712 26718 26745 26900 26905 26933 26941 26953 26956 26971 26973 26982 27003 27056 27114 27124 27234 27275 27324 27338 27379 27407 27470 27498 27501 27506 27518 27536 27549 27576 27583 27602 27609 27634 27638 27686 27692-27693 27700-27701 27703 27731 27739 27752 27756 27760 27777 27804 27832 27841 27869 27944 27958-27959 27964-27965 27972-27973 27990 28030 28040 28160 28164 28174 28205 28212 28241-28242 28245 28266 28268 28291 28311 28317 28342 28344 28358 28366 28382 28384 28400 28414 28884 28961-28963 28970 29226 29237 29239 29300 29332 29365 29397 29432-29433 29624 29633 29755 30485 30770 30791 30866 30869 30875 30877 30882 30890 30892 30928 30940 31032 31155 31247 31271 31277 31360 31469 31494 31496 33137 34029 35409 35567 35641 35729 35812 36472 36474 36825 37551 39092 39637 40859 41844 42644 42698-42699 42780 42974 42981 43004 43359 43706 43790 43910 44039 44086 44127 44134 44349 44372 44389 44408 44436 44510 44596 44600 44617 44624 44634 44640 44670 44709 44808 44856 44860 44862 44870 44886 44898 44935 44962 45250 45562 46394 46917 46948 47061 47087 47093 48249 48407 48446 48494 48536 48602 48632 48784 48974 48991https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/661/A85?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/661/A85/tablea1Asteroid trails identified in the Hubble Space Telescope observationsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintObjectIDUnique ID made of seven digits assigned for each of the reported trails, AHNNNNN (Object_ID)meta.id;meta.maincharHSTobsIDImage ID corresponding to the composite HST image where the trail was identified (HST_observation_ID)meta.id;obs.imagecharInstHST Instrument and Aperture (Instrument)phys.angSize;instr.fovcharFilterHST Filter (Filter)meta.id;instr.filtercharIdentObjThe designation of the identified asteroid (the asteroid number is given when this is available, otherwise its temporary designation is given) (Identified_Obj)meta.idcharO-C? The difference between the observed positions by HST and the computed positions (obtained using the JPL Horizons system) for the identified object (OminusC)arcsecstat.fit.residualfloatnullableOrbClassThe orbital class of the object following The Virtual Observatory Sky Body Tracker (SkyBoT) definitions (Orbital_Class) (2)meta.code.classcharPredmag? Predicted magnitude based on SkyBoT query (Predicted_Mag)magphot.magfloatnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedNexNumber of trail segments, corresponding of the number of individual exposures where the SSO was identified (N_ex)meta.numberintMJDsTrailModified Julian day at the start of the individual exposure where the trail was first identified (MJD_start_trail)dtime.epochdoubleMJDeTrailModified Julian day at the end of the individual exposure where the trail was last identified (MJD_end_trail)dtime.epochdoubleMJDsExpModified Julian day at the start of the first exposure used to obtain the composite image (MJD_start_exp)dtime.epochdoubleMJDeExpModified Julian day at the end of the last exposure used to obtain the composite image (MJD_end_exp)dtime.epochdoubleTrailExpTotal exposure time for the trail, obtained as the sum of exposure times of all individual exposures in which the trail was identified (Trail_Exp)stime.duration;obs.exposurefloatRAsRight ascension of the first pixel of the trail at Ep=MJDsExp (RA_start) (1)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEsDeclination of the first pixel of the trail at Ep=MJDsExp (DEC_start) (1)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRAedegRight ascension of the last pixel of the trail at Ep=MJDeExp (RA_end) (1)degpos.eq.raDEedegDeclination of the last pixel of the trail at Ep=MJDeExp (DEC_end) (1)degpos.eq.decTrailLengthThe total trail length between the first and the last pixel of the trail (Trail_Length)arcsecphys.angSize;srcfloatTotalFluxThe total flux obtained as the sum of all pixels belonging to trail, given in the default units of the HST images, electrons/sec (Total_Flux)phot.fluxdoublee_TotalFluxThe total flux error, given in the default units of the HST images, electrons/sec (Total_Flux_Err)stat.errordoubleObsmagThe calibrated magnitude derived from the total flux in the filter used for the observation (Observed_Mag)magphot.magfloat