J/A+A/659/A85ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/659/A85doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36590085CDSFranciosini E.Tognelli E.Degl'Innocenti S.Prada Moroni P.G.,Randich S.Sacco G.G.Magrini L.Pancino E.Lanzafame A.C.,Smiljanic R.Prisinzano L.Sanna N.Roccatagliata V.Bonito R.,de Laverny P.Gutierrez Albarran M.L.Montes D.Jimenez-Esteban F.,Gilmore G.Bergemann M.Carraro G.Damiani F.Gonneau A.,Hourihane A.Morbidelli L.Worley C.C.Zaggia S.2024-03-01T13:31:31Z2022-03-10T08:21:04ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fropen-star-clusterschemical-abundancesradial-velocityvisible-astronomytrigonometric-parallaxproper-motionsphotometryIt is now well known that pre-main sequence models with inflated radii should be taken into account to simultaneously reproduce the colour-magnitude diagram and the lithium depletion pattern observed in young open star clusters. We test a new set of pre-main sequence models including radius inflation due to the presence of starspots or to magnetic inhibition of convection, using five clusters observed by the Gaia-ESO Survey, spanning the age range ~10-100Myr where such effects could be important. The Gaia-ESO Survey radial velocities are combined with astrometry from Gaia EDR3 to obtain clean lists of high-probability members for the five clusters. A Bayesian maximum likelihood method is adopted to fit the observed cluster sequences to theoretical predictions to derive the best model parameters and the cluster reddening and age. Models are calculated with different values of the mixing length parameter ({alpha}_ML_=2.0, 1.5 and 1.0), for the cases with no spots or with effective spot coverage {beta}_spot_=0.2 and 0.4. The models are also compared with the observed lithium depletion patterns. To reproduce the colour-magnitude diagram and the observed lithium depletion pattern in Gamma Vel A and B and in 25 Ori one needs to assume both a reduced convection efficiency, with {alpha}_ML_=1.0, and an effective surface spot coverage of about 20%. We obtained ages of 18^+1.5^_-4.0_ Myr and 21^+3.5^_-3.0_ Myr for Gamma Vel A and B, respectively, and 19^+1.5^_-7.0_ Myr for 25 Ori. However, a single isochrone is not sufficient to account for the lithium dispersion, and an increasing level of spot coverage as mass decreases seems to be required. On the other hand, the older clusters (NGC 2451B at 30^+3.0^_-5.0_Myr, NGC 2547 at 35^+4.0^_-4.0_Myr, and NGC 2516 at 138^+48^_-42_Myr) are consistent with standard models, with {alpha}_ML_=2.0 and no spots, except at low masses: a 20% spot coverage appears to better reproduce the sequence of M-type stars and might explain the observed spread in lithium abundances. The quality of Gaia-ESO data combined with Gaia allows us to gain important insights on pre-main sequence evolution. Models including starspots can provide a consistent explanation of the cluster sequences and lithium abundances observed in young clusters, although a range of starspot coverage is required to fully reproduce the data.2022A&A...659A..85Fhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/659/A85CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/659/A85https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/659/A85http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/659/A85https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/659/A85https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/659/A85http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/659/A85GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/659/A85/tableb1 (High-probability members of 25 Ori)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true80.7161051.753681940.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/659/A85/tableb2 (High-probability members of Gamma Vel A)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true121.68285306-47.531423890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/659/A85/tableb3 (High-probability members of Gamma Vel B)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true121.70857611-47.539403060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/659/A85/tableb4 (High-probability members of NGC2451B)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb4?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb4?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb4?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true114.26180694-38.568141110.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/659/A85/tableb5 (High-probability members of NGC2547)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb5?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb5?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb5?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true121.87587889-49.032753060.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/659/A85/tableb6 (High-probability members of NGC2516)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb6?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb6?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/659/A85/tableb6?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true117.998555-60.789411940.0055555555555555565/5723 9398 9795 9804 9838 9924 6/22906 22980-22981 22992 37583 37586-37587 39175 39186 39192 39194-39195 39205 39207 396851.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/659/A85?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/659/A85/tableb1High-probability members of 25 OriSimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCnameGaia-ESO identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 identifiermeta.idRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRV? Radial velocity from Gaia-ESOkm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_RV? Error in RVkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableTeff? Effective temperature from Gaia-ESOKphys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablee_Teff? Error in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablel_ALi[<] Upper limit flag on Li abundancemeta.code.errorcharALi? Lithium abundance A(Li)phys.abundfloatnullablee_ALi? Error on A(Li)stat.errorfloatnullablen_ALi[*] Note on A(Li) (1)meta.notecharplx? Parallax from Gaia EDR3maspos.parallax.trigfloatnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexede_plx? Error in Plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullablepmRA? Proper motion in RA from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablee_pmRA? Error in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE? Proper motion in DEC from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDE? Error in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullableRUWE? Renormalized Unit Weight Factor from Gaia EDR3stat.errorfloatnullableastrflg[0/1]? Flag on astrometry (2)meta.codeintnullableGmag? G magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBPmag? BP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableRPmag? RP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablephotflg[0/1]? Flag on photometry (2)meta.codeintnullableProbMembership probabilitystat.probabilityfloatJ/A+A/659/A85/tableb2High-probability members of Gamma Vel Ae_RV? Error in RVkm/sstat.errorfloatnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCnameGaia-ESO identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 identifiermeta.idRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRV? Radial velocity from Gaia-ESOkm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullableTeff? Effective temperature from Gaia-ESOKphys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablee_Teff? Error in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablel_ALi[<] Upper limit flag on Li abundancemeta.code.errorcharALi? Lithium abundance A(Li)phys.abundfloatnullablee_ALi? Error on A(Li)stat.errorfloatnullableplx? Parallax from Gaia EDR3maspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_plx? Error in Plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullablepmRA? Proper motion in RA from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRA? Error in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE? Proper motion in DEC from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDE? Error in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullableRUWE? Renormalized Unit Weight Factor from Gaia EDR3stat.errorfloatnullableastrflg[0/1]? Flag on astrometry (1)meta.codeintnullableGmag? G magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBPmag? BP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableRPmag? RP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablephotflg[0/1]? Flag on photometry (1)meta.codeintnullableProbMembership probabilitystat.probabilityfloatJ/A+A/659/A85/tableb3High-probability members of Gamma Vel Be_RV? Error in RVkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableTeff? Effective temperature from Gaia-ESOKphys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablee_Teff? Error in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablel_ALi[<] Upper limit flag on Li abundancemeta.code.errorcharALi? Lithium abundance A(Li)phys.abundfloatnullablee_plx? Error in Plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullablepmRA? Proper motion in RA from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRA? Error in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE? Proper motion in DEC from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDE? Error in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullableRUWE? Renormalized Unit Weight Factor from Gaia EDR3stat.errorfloatnullableastrflg[0/1]? Flag on astrometry (1)meta.codeintnullableGmag? G magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBPmag? BP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableRPmag? RP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablephotflg[0/1]? Flag on photometry (1)meta.codeintnullableProbMembership probabilitystat.probabilityfloat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCnameGaia-ESO identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 identifiermeta.idRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRV? Radial velocity from Gaia-ESOkm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_ALi? Error on A(Li)stat.errorfloatnullableplx? Parallax from Gaia EDR3maspos.parallax.trigfloatnullableJ/A+A/659/A85/tableb4High-probability members of NGC2451BrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCnameGaia-ESO identifiermeta.id;meta.mainchare_pmDE? Error in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullableRUWE? Renormalized Unit Weight Factor from Gaia EDR3stat.errorfloatnullableastrflg[0/1]? Flag on astrometry (1)meta.codeintnullableGmag? G magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBPmag? BP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableRPmag? RP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablephotflg[0/1]? Flag on photometry (1)meta.codeintnullableProbMembership probabilitystat.probabilityfloat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 identifiermeta.idRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRV? Radial velocity from Gaia-ESOkm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_RV? Error in RVkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableTeff? Effective temperature from Gaia-ESOKphys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablee_Teff? Error in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablel_ALi[<] Upper limit flag on Li abundancemeta.code.errorcharALi? Lithium abundance A(Li)phys.abundfloatnullablee_ALi? Error on A(Li)stat.errorfloatnullableplx? Parallax from Gaia EDR3maspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_plx? Error in Plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullablepmRA? Proper motion in RA from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRA? Error in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE? Proper motion in DEC from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullableJ/A+A/659/A85/tableb5High-probability members of NGC2547ProbMembership probabilitystat.probabilityfloate_plx? Error in Plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullableCnameGaia-ESO identifiermeta.id;meta.mainchare_ALi? Error on A(Li)stat.errorfloatnullableplx? Parallax from Gaia EDR3maspos.parallax.trigfloatnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 identifiermeta.idRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRV? Radial velocity from Gaia-ESOkm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_RV? Error in RVkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableTeff? Effective temperature from Gaia-ESOKphys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablee_Teff? Error in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablel_ALi[<] Upper limit flag on Li abundancemeta.code.errorcharALi? Lithium abundance A(Li)phys.abundfloatnullablepmRA? Proper motion in RA from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRA? Error in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE? Proper motion in DEC from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDE? Error in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullableRUWE? Renormalized Unit Weight Factor from Gaia EDR3stat.errorfloatnullableastrflg[0/1]? Flag on astrometry (1)meta.codeintnullableGmag? G magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBPmag? BP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableRPmag? RP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablephotflg[0/1]? Flag on photometry (1)meta.codeintnullableJ/A+A/659/A85/tableb6High-probability members of NGC2516_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.raindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCnameGaia-ESO identifiermeta.id;meta.maincharGaiaEDR3Gaia EDR3 identifiermeta.idRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2016.0 from Gaia EDR3degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainRV? Radial velocity from Gaia-ESOkm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_RV? Error in RVkm/sstat.errorfloatnullableTeff? Effective temperature from Gaia-ESOKphys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablee_Teff? Error in TeffKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectivefloatnullablel_ALi[<] Upper limit flag on Li abundancemeta.code.errorcharALi? Lithium abundance A(Li)phys.abundfloatnullablee_ALi? Error on A(Li)stat.errorfloatnullableplx? Parallax from Gaia EDR3maspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_plx? Error in Plxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullablepmRA? Proper motion in RA from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRA? Error in pmRAmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE? Proper motion in DEC from Gaia EDR3mas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDE? Error in pmDEmas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullableRUWE? Renormalized Unit Weight Factor from Gaia EDR3stat.errorfloatnullableastrflg[0/1]? Flag on astrometry (1)meta.codeintnullableGmag? G magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableBPmag? BP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.BfloatnullableRPmag? RP magnitude from Gaia EDR3magphot.mag;em.opt.Rfloatnullablephotflg[0/1]? Flag on photometry (1)meta.codeintnullableProbMembership probabilitystat.probabilityfloat