J/A+A/657/A70ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/657/A70doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36570070CDSPitts R.L.Kristensen L.E.Jorgensen J.K.van der Walt S.J.2022-03-21T09:28:51Z2022-01-12T08:33:45ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frinfrared-sourcesmillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomyprotostarsAstronomers have yet to establish whether high-mass protostars form from high-mass prestellar cores, similar to their lower-mass counterparts, or from lower-mass fragments at the heart of a pre-protostellar cluster undergoing large-scale collapse. Part of the uncertainty is due to a shortage of envelope structure data on protostars of a few tens of solar masses, where we expect to see a transition from intermediate-mass star formation to the high-mass process. We sought to derive the masses, luminosities, and envelope density profiles for eight sources in Cygnus-X, whose mass estimates in the literature placed them in the sampling gap. Combining these sources with similarly evolved sources in the literature enabled us to perform a meta-analysis of protostellar envelope parameters over six decades in source luminosity. We performed spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting on archival broadband photometric continuum data from 1.2 to 850 microns, to derive bolometric luminosities for our eight sources plus initial mass and radius estimates for modelling density and temperature profiles with the radiative transfer package Transphere. The envelope masses, densities at 1000AU, outer envelope radii, and density power law indices as functions of bolometric luminosity all follow established trends in the literature spanning six decades in luminosity. Most of our sources occupy an intermediate to moderately high range of masses and luminosities, which helps more firmly establish the continuity between low- and high-mass star formation mechanisms. Our density power law indices are consistent with observed values in literature, which show no discernible trends with luminosity. Finally, we show that the trends in all of the envelope parameters for high-mass protostars are statistically indistinguishable from trends in the same variables for low- and intermediate-mass protostars.2022A&A...657A..70Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/657/A70CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/657/A70https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/657/A70http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/657/A70https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/657/A70https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/657/A70http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/657/A70GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/657/A70/stars (List of stars with data in table A1)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A70/stars?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A70/stars?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A70/stars?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true309.240333342.19188890.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/657/A70/list (List of fits images)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A70/list?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A70/list?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A70/list?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true309.2399642.191640.0055555555555555566/14647 14682 14689 14704https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/657/A70?format=asciiInfraredMillimeterdefaultJ/A+A/657/A70/starsList of stars with data in table A1recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFluxesDisplay the fluxes in table A1meta.ref.urlcharNameSource name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainANameAssociated objectmeta.id.assoccharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/A+A/657/A70/tablea1Broadband fluxes, errors, and quality flags for 10 protostars in 21 bandsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintBandInstrument & (broadband) filter used for flux measurementinstr.bandpasscharlambdaWavelength of observationsumem.wl;obsfloatFN12? N12 integrated continuum flux (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FN12? N12 flux uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableq_FN12[-1/5] Quality flag for FN12 (2)meta.code.qualintFN30? N30 integrated continuum flux (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FN30? N30 flux uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableq_FN30[-1/5] Quality flag for FN30 (2)meta.code.qualintFN38? N38 integrated continuum flux (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FN38? N38 flux uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableq_FN38[-1/5] Quality flag for FN38 (2)meta.code.qualintFN48? N48 integrated continuum flux (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FN48? N48 flux uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableq_FN48[-1/5] Quality flag for FN48 (2)meta.code.qualintFN51? N51 integrated continuum flux (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FN51? N51 flux uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableq_FN51[-1/5] Quality flag for FN51 (2)meta.code.qualintFN53? N53 integrated continuum flux (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FN53? N53 flux uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableq_FN53[-1/5] Quality flag for FN53 (2)meta.code.qualintFN54? N54 integrated continuum flux (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FN54? N53 flux uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableq_FN54[-1/5] Quality flag for FN54 (2)meta.code.qualintFN63? N63 integrated continuum flux (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FN63? N63 flux uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableq_FN63[-1/5] Quality flag for FN63 (2)meta.code.qualintFS8? S8 integrated continuum flux (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FS8? S8 flux uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableq_FS8[-1/5] Quality flag for FS8 (2)meta.code.qualintFS26? S26 integrated continuum flux (1)phot.fluxdoublenullablee_FS26? S26 flux uncertaintystat.errordoublenullableq_FS26[-1/5] Quality flag for FS26 (2)meta.code.qualintJ/A+A/657/A70/fig6dataEnvelope parameters for 284 protostars in the literature, plus our sourcesNameProtostar name (1)meta.id;meta.maincharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintLBolBolometric luminositysolLumphys.luminositydoubleE_LBolUpper error margin on LBolsolLumstat.error;stat.maxdoublee_LBolLower error margin on LBolsolLumstat.errordoubleMEnv? Envelope masssolMassphys.massdoublenullableE_MEnv? Upper error margin on MEnvsolMassstat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_MEnv? Lower error margin on MEnvsolMassstat.errordoublenullableROut? Outer envelope radiusAUphys.angSize;srcdoublenullableE_ROut? Upper error margin on ROutAUstat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_ROut? Lower error margin on ROutAUstat.errordoublenullableprho? Density power-law index (2)spect.indexfloatnullableE_prho? Upper error margin on prhostat.error;stat.maxfloatnullablee_prho? Upper error margin on prhostat.errorfloatnullablenkAU? Density at 1000 AU (3)cm**-3phys.densitydoublenullableE_nkAU? Upper error margin on nkAUcm**-3stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_nkAU? Lower error margin on nkAUcm**-3stat.errordoublenullableBibCodeBibCode of object reference (4)meta.bib.bibcodecharJ/A+A/657/A70/listList of fits imagesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension of center (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of center (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNxNumber of pixels along X-axismeta.numberintNyNumber of pixels along Y-axismeta.numberintObs.dateObservation datestime.epoch;obsnullableFreqObserved frequencyGHzem.freqfloatsizeSize of FITS fileKibytephys.size;meta.fitsintFileNameName of FITS file, in subdirectory fitsmeta.id;meta.fitscharTitleTitle of the FITS filemeta.title;meta.fitschar