J/A+A/657/A7ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/657/A7doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36570007CDSKervella P.Arenou F.Thevenin F.2024-07-15T20:01:24Z2021-12-20T08:20:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmultiple-starsproper-motionsvisible-astronomyThe multiplicity fraction of stars, down to the substellar regime, is a parameter of fundamental importance for stellar formation, evolution, and planetology. The census of multiple stars in the solar neighborhood is however incomplete. The presence of a companion in orbit around a star affects its proper motion. We aim at detecting companions of Hipparcos catalog stars from the proper motion anomaly (PMa) they induce on their host star, that is, the difference between their long-term Hipparcos-Gaia and short-term Gaia proper motion vectors. We also aim at detecting resolved, gravitationally bound companions of the Hipparcos catalog stars (117955 stars), and of the Gaia EDR3 stars closer than 100 c (542232 stars). Using the Hipparcos and EDR3 data, we revise the PMa catalog for the Hipparcos stars. To identify gravitationally bound visual companions of our sample, we search the Gaia EDR3 catalog for common proper motion (CPM) candidates. The detection of tangential velocity anomalies with a median accuracy of 26cm/s per parsec of distance is demonstrated with the EDR3. This improvement by a factor 2.5 in accuracy compared to the Gaia DR2 results in PMa detection limits on companions well into the planetary mass regime for many targets. We identify 37515 Hipparcos stars presenting a PMa at significant level (S/N>3), that is, a fraction of 32% (compared to 30% for the DR2) and 12914 (11%) hosting CPM bound candidate companions. Including the Gaia EDR3 RUWE>1.4 as an additional indicator, 50,720 stars of the Hipparcos catalog (43%) exhibit at least one signal of binarity. Among the Gaia EDR3 stars located within 100 pc, we find CPM bound candidate companions for 39,490 stars (7.3% of the sample). The search for companions using a combination of the PMa, CPM and RUWE indicators significantly improves the exhaustivity of the multiplicity survey. The detection of CPM companions of very bright stars (heavily saturated on the Gaia detectors) that are classical benchmark objects for stellar physics provides a useful proxy to estimate their distance with a higher accuracy than Hipparcos.2022A&A...657A...7Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/657/A7CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/317 : The PPMXL Catalog (Roeser+ 2010)I/239 : The Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues (ESA 1997)I/311 : Hipparcos, the New Reduction (van Leeuwen, 2007)I/337 : Gaia DR1 (Gaia Collaboration, 2016)I/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)I/350 : Gaia EDR3 (Gaia Collaboration, 2020)J/A+A/623/A72 : Binarity of Hipparcos stars from Gaia pm anomalyhttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/657/A7https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/657/A7http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/657/A7https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/657/A7https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/657/A7http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/657/A7GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/657/A7/tablea1 (Proper motion anomaly of Hipparcos stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A7/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A7/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A7/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.00087361.08900080.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/657/A7/tablea2 (CPM candidate companions for Hipparcos stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A7/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A7/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A7/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.000871949531.088978347650.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/657/A7/tablea3 (CPM candidate companions for Gaia stars within 100 pc)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A7/tablea3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A7/tablea3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/657/A7/tablea3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true44.800006922140.779493303850.0055555555555555560/0 5 7 9-11 1/5-10 12-14 16 18-19 27 34-35 2/16 18-19 44 46 60-61 68-69 71 98-101 103-105 107 128 131-134 3/68-69 71 180-181 183 188-189 191 248-250 252 254-255 280-281 283 384-385 387-388 390-391 408 410-411 424-426 517-520 522-523 540-541 543 4/281-283 728-729 731 760-761 763 1004-1005 1007 1012 1014-1015 1128-1130 1544-1546 1557-1559 1636-1637 1639 1708-1709 1711 2064-2066 2084 2086-2087 2168-2170 5/1120 1122-1123 2921-2923 3049-3051 4025-4027 4052-4053 4055 4524-4526 6188 6190-6191 6225-6227 6552-6554 6840-6842 8268-8269 8271 8340-8342 8684 8686-8687 6/4484 4486-4487 11680-11681 11683 12193-12195 16096-16098 16216 16218-16219 18108-18110 24757-24759 24896-24898 26221-26223 27372-27374 33080-33082 33372 33374-33375 34740 34742-347431.9867573869263685e-19 6.298446873438916e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/657/A7?format=asciiOpticaldefaultJ/A+A/657/A7/tablea1Proper motion anomaly of Hipparcos starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintHIPHipparcos catalog numbermeta.id;meta.mainintGaiaDR2? Gaia DR2 source numbermeta.idnullableGaiaEDR3? Gaia EDR3 source numbermeta.idnullableNameCommon namemeta.idcharRAdeg? Right ascension (ICRS)degpos.eq.ranullableDEdeg? Declination (ICRS)degpos.eq.decnullabledVtPA? Position angle of velocity anomaly vectordegpos.posAngfloatnullablee_dVtPA? Standard error on PA of dVt vectordegstat.errorfloatnullableOrbG3Dt? Radius of orbit with period corresponding to Gaia EDR3 observing window durationauphys.size.radiusfloatnullableR1? Radius of primary starsolRadphys.size.radiusdoublenullablen_R1[I] I for infinitymeta.notechare_R1? Standard error on radius of primary starsolRadstat.errordoublenullableSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharDMS[0/1]? Set to 1 for stars in the Hipparcos Double and Multiple cat. (I/239/h_dm_com)meta.codeintnullableW[0/1]? Set to 1 if in the WDS catalog (B/wds)meta.codeintnullableVmag? V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableHpmag? Hipparcos Hp magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.Vfloatnullablee_Hpmag? Standard error on Hp magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableGmag? Gaia G band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatnullablee_Gmag? Standard error on Gaia G band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableKmag? 2MASS K band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.Kfloatnullablee_Kmag? Standard error on 2MASS K band magnitudemagstat.error;phot.magfloatnullableE(B-V)? E(B-V) color excessmagphot.color.excessfloatnullablePlxH2? Hipparcos 2 (van Leeuwen 2007) parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_PlxH2? Standard error on Hip2 parallaxmasstat.errorfloatnullablePlxG3? Gaia EDR3 parallax (ZP corrected)maspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_PlxG3? Standard error on Gaia EDR3 parallaxmasstat.errorfloatnullableepsi? Gaia EDR3 excess noise (epsilon)stat.fit.paramfloatnullableRUWE? Gaia EDR3 renormalized unit weight errorstat.errorfloatnullableRVRadial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RVStandard error on radial velocitykm/sstat.errorfloatsnrPMaHG1? Hipparcos-Gaia DR1 PMa S/Nstat.snrfloatnullableBinHG1[0/1]? Hipparcos-Gaia DR1 binary flagmeta.codeintnullablepmRAH2G2? Hip2-Gaia DR2 proper motion in RA direction (pmRA*cosDE) at epoch 2015.5mas/apos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRAH2G2? Standard error on HipG2 PM in RAmas/astat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDEH2G2? Hip2-Gaia DR2 proper motion in Dec direction at epoch 2015.5mas/apos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDEH2G2? Standard error on HipG2 PM in Decmas/astat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullablePMaRAH2G2? G2-HipG2 proper motion anomaly in RA direction at epoch 2015.5mas/apos.pm;arith.diffdoublenullablee_PMaRAH2G2? Standard error on G2-HG2 PMa in RA direction at epoch 2015.5mas/astat.errorfloatnullablePMaDEH2G2? G2-HipG2 proper motion anomaly in Dec direction at epoch 2015.5mas/apos.pm;arith.diffdoublenullablee_PMaDEH2G2? Standard error on G2-HG2 PMa in Dec direction at epoch 2015.5mas/astat.errorfloatnullablesnrPMaH2G2? Signal-to-noise ratio of G2-HipG2 PMastat.snrfloatnullableBinH2G2[0/1]? G2-HipG2 binary flag (1 for snrPMaH2G2>3)meta.codeintnullablepmRAH2EG3a? Hip2-Gaia EDR3 proper motion in RA direction (pmRA*cosDE) at epoch 1991.25mas/apos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRAH2EG3a? Standard error on HipG3 PM in RAmas/astat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDEH2EG3a? Hip2-Gaia EDR3 proper motion in Dec direction at epoch 1991.25mas/apos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDEH2EG3a? Standard error on HipG3 PM in Decmas/astat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullablePMaRAH2EG3a? Hip2-HipG3 proper motion anomaly in RA direction at epoch 1991.25mas/apos.pm;arith.diffdoublenullablee_PMaRAH2EG3a? Standard error on Hip-HG3 PMa in RA direction at epoch 1991.25mas/astat.errorfloatnullablePMaDEH2EG3a? Hip2-HipG3 proper motion anomaly in Dec direction at epoch 1991.25mas/apos.pm;arith.diffdoublenullablee_PMaDEH2EG3a? Standard error on Hip-HG3 PMa in Dec direction at epoch 1991.25mas/astat.errorfloatnullablesnrPMaH2EG3a? Signal-to-noise ratio of Hip2-HipG3 PMastat.snrfloatnullableBinH2EG3a[0/1]? Hip2-HipG3 binary flag (1 for snrPMaH2EG3>3)meta.codeintnullablepmRAH2EG3b? Hip2-Gaia EDR3 proper motion in RA direction (pmRA*cosDE) at epoch 2016.0mas/apos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRAH2EG3b? Standard error on HipG3 PM in RAmas/astat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDEH2EG3b? Hip2-Gaia EDR3 proper motion in Dec direction at epoch 2016.0mas/apos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDEH2EG3b? Standard error on HipG3 PM in Decmas/astat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullablePMaRAH2EG3b? G3-HipG3 proper motion anomaly in RA direction at epoch 2016.0mas/apos.pm;arith.difffloatnullablee_PMaRAH2EG3b? Standard error on G3-HG3 PMa in RAmas/astat.errorfloatnullablePMaDEH2EG3b? G3-HipG3 proper motion anomaly in Dec direction at epoch 2016.0mas/apos.pm;arith.difffloatnullablee_PMaDEH2EG3b? Standard error on G3-HG3 PMa in Decmas/astat.errorfloatnullablesnrPMaH2EG3b? Signal-to-noise ratio of G3-HipG3 PMastat.snrfloatnullableBinH2EG3b[0/1]? G3-HipG3 binary flag (1 for snrPMaH2EG3b>3)meta.codeintnullabledVt? Tangential velocity anomalym/sphys.veloc.transversedoublenullablee_dVt? Standard error on tangential velocity dVtm/sstat.errordoublenullabler_R1Reference for radius of primary (5)meta.ref;pos.framecharLDang? Limb darkened angular diametermasphys.angSizedoublenullablen_LDang[I] I for infinitymeta.notechare_LDang? Standard error on LD angular diametermasstat.errordoublenullableM1? Mass of primary starsolMassphys.massfloatnullablee_M1? Standard error on mass of primarysolMassstat.errorfloatnullabler_M1Reference for mass of primary (6)meta.ref;pos.framecharM23au? Mass of companion assuming 3au orbit(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massdoublenullableM25au? Mass of companion assuming 5au orbit(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massdoublenullableE_M25au? Positive error bar on M2_5au(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.error;stat.maxdoublenullablee_M25au? Negative error bar on M2_5au(1.898187x10+27kg)stat.errordoublenullableM210au? Mass of companion assuming 10au orbit(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massdoublenullableM230au? Mass of companion assuming 30au orbit(1.898187x10+27kg)phys.massdoublenullableLNumber of low velocity resolved companionsmeta.numberintBNumber of bound resolved companionsmeta.numberint_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexed_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedDT[FIL] Type of DMS catalog solution (1)meta.codecharDQ[ABCD] Quality of DMS catalog solution (2)meta.code.qualcharr_E(B-V)[BS] Reference for E(B-V) color excess (3)meta.ref;pos.framecharSpTypeSpectral type from CDS Simbadsrc.spTypecharr_RVReference of radial velocity (4)meta.ref;pos.framecharJ/A+A/657/A7/tablea2CPM candidate companions for Hipparcos starsDMS[0/1]? Set to 1 for stars in the Hipparcos Double and Multiple cat. (I/239/h_dm_com)meta.codeintnullableW[0/1]? Set to 1 if in the WDS catalog (B/wds)meta.codeintnullableVmag? V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableHpmag? Hipparcos Hp magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableGmag? Gaia G band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableKmag? 2MASS K band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintT[0/1] Flag for parent (=1) or companion (=0)meta.code.errorintHIP-Parent? Hipparcos number of parent starmeta.id.parentintnullableHIP? Hipparcos number of starmeta.id;meta.mainintnullableEDR3-Parent? Gaia EDR3 source number of parentmeta.id.parentnullableEDR3-Source? Gaia EDR3 source number of starmeta.idnullableNameCommon namemeta.idcharRA_ICRSRight ascension (ICRS)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedrPos[H G PPMXL] Reference of position (H = Hip Ep=1991.25, G = EDR3 Ep=2016.0, PPMXL = PPMXL Ep=2000)meta.ref;poscharE(B-V)? E(B-V) color excessmagphot.color.excessfloatnullabler_E(B-V)Reference for E(B-V) color excess (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharSpTypeSpectral type from CDS Simbadsrc.spTypecharPlx? Parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_Plx? Standard error on parallaxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullabler_PlxReference for parallax (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharRUWE? Gaia EDR3 renormalized unit weight errorstat.errorfloatnullableRV? Radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_RV? Standard error on radial velocitykm/sstat.errorfloatnullablepmRA? Proper motion in right ascensionmas/apos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRA? Standard error on PMRAmas/astat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE? Proper motion in declinationmas/apos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDE? Standard error on PMDEmas/astat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullablesnrPMaG3? Signal-to-noise ratio of G3-HipG3 PMastat.snrfloatnullableBinG3? G3-HipG3 binary flag (1 for snrPMaG3>3)meta.codeintnullableMass? MasssolMassphys.massfloatnullableRadius? RadiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableN? Number of near candidate companionsmeta.numberintnullableL? Number of low velocity companionsmeta.numberintnullableB? Number of bound candidate companionsmeta.numberintnullableSep? Angular separation from parent stararcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullablePA[0/360]? Position angle of candidate companiondegpos.posAngfloatnullableLinSep? Linear separation with parent staraupos.distance;src.orbitaldoublenullabledVtan? Differential tangential velocity with respect to parent starkm/sphys.veloc.transversefloatnullablee_dVtan? Standard error on dVtankm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVesc? Escape velocity at projected location of candidate companionkm/sphys.veloc.escapefloatnullabledpmPA? Difference in position angle of PM vectors between parent and candidatedegmeta.id.parent;pos.posAng;arith.difffloatnullablePlxSc? Parallax score of candidate companionpos.parallax.trigfloatnullableBndSc? Gravitationally bound score of candidatestat.fit.paramfloatnullableTotSc? Total score of candidate companionstat.fit.paramfloatnullableLowV? Low tangential velocity flagmeta.codeintnullableBnd? Gravitationally bound candidate flagmeta.codeintnullabler_RVReference of radial velocity (3)meta.ref;pos.framecharr_pmReference of proper motion (4)meta.ref;pos.framecharJ/A+A/657/A7/tablea3CPM candidate companions for Gaia stars within 100 pcrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintT[0/1] Flag for parent (=1) or companion (=0)meta.code.errorintHIP-Parent? Hipparcos number of parent starmeta.id.parentintnullableHIP? Hipparcos number of starmeta.id;meta.mainintnullableEDR3-Parent? Gaia EDR3 source number of parentmeta.id.parentnullableEDR3-Source? Gaia EDR3 source number of starmeta.idnullableRA_ICRSRight ascension (ICRS)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainindexedDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainindexedDMS[0/1]? Set to 1 for stars in the Hipparcos Double and Multiple cat. (I/239/h_dm_com)meta.codeintnullableW[0/1]? Set to 1 if in the WDS catalog (B/wds)meta.codeintnullableVmag? V band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableHpmag? Hipparcos Hp magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatnullableGmag? Gaia G band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatnullableKmag? 2MASS K band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.IR.KfloatnullableE(B-V)? E(B-V) color excessmagphot.color.excessfloatnullablePlx? Parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatnullablee_Plx? Standard error on parallaxmasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatnullableRUWE? Gaia EDR3 renormalized unit weight errorstat.errorfloatnullableRV? Radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloatnullablee_RV? Standard error on radial velocitykm/sstat.errorfloatnullablepmRA? Proper motion in right ascensionmas/apos.pm;pos.eq.radoublenullablee_pmRA? Standard error on PMRAmas/astat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatnullablepmDE? Proper motion in declinationmas/apos.pm;pos.eq.decdoublenullablee_pmDE? Standard error on PMDEmas/astat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatnullablesnrPMaG3? Signal-to-noise ratio of G3-HipG3 PMastat.snrfloatnullableBinG3? G3-HipG3 binary flag (1 for snrPMaG3>3)meta.codeintnullableMass? MasssolMassphys.massfloatnullableRadius? RadiussolRadphys.angSize;srcfloatnullableN? Number of near candidate companionsmeta.numberintnullableL? Number of low velocity companionsmeta.numberintnullableB? Number of bound candidate companionsmeta.numberintnullableSep? Angular separation from parent stararcsecpos.angDistancefloatnullablePA[0/360]? Position angle of candidate companiondegpos.posAngfloatnullableLinSep? Linear separation with parent staraupos.distance;src.orbitaldoublenullabledVtan? Differential tangential velocity with respect to parent starkm/sphys.veloc.transversefloatnullablee_dVtan? Standard error on dVtankm/sstat.errorfloatnullableVesc? Escape velocity at projected location of candidate companionkm/sphys.veloc.escapefloatnullabledpmPA? Difference in position angle of PM vectors between parent and candidatedegmeta.id.parent;pos.posAng;arith.difffloatnullablePlxSc? Parallax score of candidate companionpos.parallax.trigfloatnullableBndSc? Gravitationally bound score of candidatestat.fit.paramfloatnullableTotSc? Total score of candidate companionstat.fit.paramfloatnullableLowV? Low tangential velocity flagmeta.codeintnullableBnd? Gravitationally bound candidate flagmeta.codeintnullableNameCommon namemeta.idcharrPos[H G PPMXL] Reference of position (H = Hip Ep=1991.25, G = EDR3 Ep=2016.0, PPMXL = PPMXL Ep=2000)meta.ref;poscharr_E(B-V)Reference for E(B-V) color excess (1)meta.ref;pos.framecharSpTypeSpectral type from CDS Simbadsrc.spTypecharr_PlxReference for parallax (2)meta.ref;pos.framecharr_RVReference of radial velocity (3)meta.ref;pos.framecharr_pmReference of proper motion (4)meta.ref;pos.framechar