J/A+A/655/A89ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/655/A89doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36550089CDSAcciari V.A.Ansoldi S.Antonelli L.A.Arbet Engels A.Artero M.,Asano K.Babic A.Baquero A.Barres de Almeida U.Barrio J.A.,Batkovic I.Becerra Gonzalez J.Bednarek W.Bellizzi L.Bernardini E.,Bernardos M.Berti A.Besenrieder J.Bhattacharyya W.Bigongiari C.,Blanch O.Bosnjak Z.Busetto G.Carosi R.Ceribella G.Cerruti M.,Chai Y.Chilingarian A.Cikota S.Colak S.M.Colombo E.,Contreras J.L.Cortina J.Covino S.D'Amico G.D'Elia V.Da Vela P.,Dazzi F.De Angelis A.De Lotto B.Delfino M.Delgado J.,Delgado Mendez C.Depaoli D.Di Pierro F.Di Venere L.,Do Souto Espineira E.Dominis Prester D.Donini A.Doro M.,Fallah Ramazani V.Fattorini A.Ferrara G.Fonseca M.V.Font L.,Fruck C.Fukami S.Garcia Lopez R.J.Garczarczyk M.Gasparyan S.,Gaug M.Giglietto N.Giordano F.Gliwny P.Godinovic N.Green J.G.,Green D.Hadasch D.Hahn A.Heckmann L.Herrera J.Hoang J.,Hrupec D.Huetten M.Inada T.Inoue S.Ishio K.Iwamura Y.,Jimenez I.Jormanainen J.Jouvin L.Kajiwara Y.Karjalainen M.,Kerszberg D.Kobayashi Y.Kubo H.Kushida J.Lamastra A.Lelas D.,Leone F.Lindfors E.Lombardi S.Longo F.Lopez-Coto R.,Lopez-Moya M.Lopez-Oramas A.Loporchio S.,Machado de Oliveira Fraga B.Maggio C.Majumdar P.Makariev M.,Mallamaci M.Maneva G.Manganaro M.Maraschi L.Mariotti M.,Martinez M.Mazin D.Menchiari S.Mender S.Micanovic S.Miceli D.,Miener T.Minev M.Miranda J.M.Mirzoyan R.Molina E.Moralejo A.,Morcuende D.Moreno V.Moretti E.Neustroev V.Nigro C.Nilsson K.,Nishijima K.Noda K.Nozaki S.Ohtani Y.Oka T.Otero-Santos J.,Paiano S.Palatiello M.Paneque D.Paoletti R.Paredes J.M.,Pavletic L.Penil P.Perennes C.Persic M.Prada Moroni P.G.,Prandini E.Priyadarshi C.Puljak I.Ribo M.Rico J.Righi C.,Rugliancich A.Saha L.Sahakyan N.Saito T.Sakurai S.Satalecka K.,Saturni F.G.Schmidt K.Schweizer T.Sitarek J.Snidaric I.,Sobczynska D.Spolon A.Stamerra A.Strom D.Strzys M.Suda Y.,Suric T.Takahashi M.Tavecchio F.Temnikov P.Terzic T.Teshima M.,Tosti L.Truzzi S.Tutone A.Ubach S.van Scherpenberg J.Vanzo G.,Vazquez Acosta M.Ventura S.Verguilov V.Vigorito C.F.Vitale V.,Vovk I.Will M.Wunderlich C.Zaric D.Baack D.Balbo M.,Biederbeck N.Biland A.Bretz T.Buss J.Dorner D.Eisenberger L.,Elsaesser D.Hildebrand D.Iotov R.Mannheim K.Neise D.Noethe M.,Paravac A.Rhode W.Schleicher B.Sliusar V.Walter R.D'Ammando F.,Horan D.Lien A.Y.Balokovic M.Madejski G.M.Perri M.Verrecchia F.,Leto C.Laehteenmaeki A.Tornikoski M.Ramakrishnan V.Jaervelae E.,Vera R.J.C.Villata M.Raiteri C.M.Gupta A.C.Pandey A.Fuentes A.,Agudo I.Casadio C.Semkov E.Ibryamov S.Marchini A.Bachev R.,Strigachev A.Ovcharov E.Bozhilov V.Valcheva A.Zaharieva E.,Damljanovic G.Vince O.Larionov V.M.Borman G.A.Grishina T.S.,Hagen-Thorn V.A.Kopatskaya E.N.Larionova E.G.Larionova L.V.,Morozova D.A.Nikiforova A.A.Savchenko S.S.Troitskiy I.S.,Troitskaya Y.V.Vasilyev A.A.Merkulova O.A.Chen W.P.Samal M.,Lin H.C.Moody J.W.Sadun A.C.Jorstad S.G.Marscher A.P.,Weaver Z.R.Feige M.Kania J.Kopp M.Kunkel L.Reinhart D.,Scherbantin A.Schneider L.Lorey C.Acosta-Pulido J.A.,Carnerero M.I.Carosati D.Kurtanidze S.O.Kurtanidze O.M.,Nikolashvili M.G.Chanishvili R.G.Chigladze R.A.Ivanidze R.Z.,Kimeridze G.N.Sigua L.A.Joner M.D.Spencer M.Giroletti M.,Marchili N.Righini S.Rizzi N.Bonnoli G.2022-03-21T08:46:33Z2021-11-30T13:05:25ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.fractive-galactic-nucleix-ray-sourcesgamma-ray-astronomyvisible-astronomyradio-sourcesWe present a detailed characterisation and theoretical interpretation of the broadband emission of the paradigmatic TeV blazar Mrk 421, with a special focus on the multi-band flux correlations. The dataset has been collected through an extensive multi-wavelength campaign organised between 2016 December and 2017 June. The instruments involved are MAGIC, FACT, Fermi-LAT, Swift, GASP-WEBT, OVRO, Medicina, and Metsahovi. Additionally, four deep exposures (several hours long) with simultaneous MAGIC and NuSTAR observations allowed a precise measurement of the falling segments of the two spectral components. The very-high-energy (VHE; E>100GeV) gamma rays and X-rays are positively correlated at zero time lag, but the strength and characteristics of the correlation change substantially across the various energy bands probed. The VHE versus X-ray fluxes follow different patterns, partly due to substantial changes in the Compton dominance for a few days without a simultaneous increase in the X-ray flux (i.e. orphan gamma-ray activity). Studying the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) during the days including NuSTAR observations, we show that these changes can be explained within a one-zone leptonic model with a blob that increases its size over time. The peak frequency of the synchrotron bump varies by two orders of magnitude throughout the campaign. Our multi-band correlation study also hints at an anti-correlation between UV-optical and X-ray at a significance higher than 3{sigma}. A VHE flare observed on MJD~57788 (2017 February 4) shows gamma-ray variability on multi-hour timescales, with a factor ten increase in the TeV flux but only a moderate increase in the keV flux. The related broadband SED is better described by a two-zone leptonic scenario rather than by a one-zone scenario. We find that the flare can be produced by the appearance of a compact second blob populated by high energetic electrons spanning a narrow range of Lorentz factors, from {gamma}'_min_=2x10^4^ to {gamma}'_max_=6x10^5^.2021A&A...655A..89Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/655/A89CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toJ/A+A/576/A126 : The 2009 multiwavelength campaign on Mrk421 (Aleksic+, 2015)J/A+A/578/A22 : Mrk421 in March 2010 (Aleksic+, 2015)J/A+A/593/A91 : Mrk 421 multi-wavelength variability, 2007-2009 (Ahnen+, 2016)J/ApJS/248/29 : Simultaneous X-ray & gamma obs. of Mrk421 in 2013https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/655/A89https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/655/A89http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/655/A89https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/655/A89https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/655/A89http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/655/A89GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapGamma-rayX-rayOpticalRadiodefaultJ/A+A/655/A89/fig1Multiwavelength light curves of Fig.1InstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharx_FluxFlux unitsmeta.unit;phot.fluxcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJDModified Julian date, bin centerdtime.epochdoubledeltaMJD? Modified Julian date, bin durationdtime.intervalfloatnullablel_FluxUpper limit flag (UL at 95% C.L.) (1)meta.code.error;phot.fluxcharFluxMeasured flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_Flux=0)phot.fluxdoublee_FluxFlux uncertaintystat.error;phot.fluxdoubleEnergyEnergy range or Filterinstr.bandpasscharJ/A+A/655/A89/fig2Multiwavelength light curves of Fig.2EnergyEnergy range or Filterinstr.bandpasscharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJDModified Julian date, bin centerdtime.epochdoubledeltaMJD? Modified Julian date, bin durationdtime.intervalfloatnullablel_FluxUpper limit flag (UL at 95% C.L.) (1)meta.code.error;phot.fluxcharFluxMeasured flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_Flux=0)phot.fluxdoublee_FluxFlux uncertaintystat.error;phot.fluxdoubleInstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharx_FluxFlux unitsmeta.unit;phot.fluxcharJ/A+A/655/A89/mjd57757SED on MJD 57757 shown in Fig.15FreqFrequency, bin centerHzem.freqdoubleBFreqFrequency, bin lower widthHzem.freq;stat.mindoublerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintbFreqFrequency, bin upper widthHzem.freq;stat.maxdoublel_nuFnuUpper limit flag on Energy flux (UL at 95% C.L.)meta.code.errorcharnuFnuEnergy flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_nuFnu=0 and E_nuFnu=0)mW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublee_nuFnuEnergy flux lower uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.errordoubleE_nuFnuEnergy flux upper uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharJ/A+A/655/A89/mjd57785SED on MJD 57785 shown in Fig.15recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFreqFrequency, bin centerHzem.freqdoubleBFreqFrequency, bin lower widthHzem.freq;stat.mindoublebFreqFrequency, bin upper widthHzem.freq;stat.maxdoublel_nuFnuUpper limit flag on Energy flux (UL at 95% C.L.)meta.code.errorcharnuFnuEnergy flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_nuFnu=0 and E_nuFnu=0)mW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublee_nuFnuEnergy flux lower uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.errordoubleE_nuFnuEnergy flux upper uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharJ/A+A/655/A89/mjd57813SED on MJD 57813 shown in Fig.15recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFreqFrequency, bin centerHzem.freqdoubleBFreqFrequency, bin lower widthHzem.freq;stat.mindoublebFreqFrequency, bin upper widthHzem.freq;stat.maxdoublel_nuFnuUpper limit flag on Energy flux (UL at 95% C.L.)meta.code.errorcharnuFnuEnergy flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_nuFnu=0 and E_nuFnu=0)mW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublee_nuFnuEnergy flux lower uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.errordoubleE_nuFnuEnergy flux upper uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharJ/A+A/655/A89/mjd57840SED on MJD 57840 shown in Fig.15recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFreqFrequency, bin centerHzem.freqdoubleBFreqFrequency, bin lower widthHzem.freq;stat.mindoublebFreqFrequency, bin upper widthHzem.freq;stat.maxdoublel_nuFnuUpper limit flag on Energy flux (UL at 95% C.L.)meta.code.errorcharnuFnuEnergy flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_nuFnu=0 and E_nuFnu=0)mW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublee_nuFnuEnergy flux lower uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.errordoubleE_nuFnuEnergy flux upper uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharJ/A+A/655/A89/mjd57788SED on MJD 57788 shown in Fig.16recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFreqFrequency, bin centerHzem.freqdoubleBFreqFrequency, bin lower widthHzem.freq;stat.mindoublebFreqFrequency, bin upper widthHzem.freq;stat.maxdoublel_nuFnuUpper limit flag on Energy flux (UL at 95% C.L.)meta.code.errorcharnuFnuEnergy flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_nuFnu=0 and E_nuFnu=0)mW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublee_nuFnuEnergy flux lower uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.errordoubleE_nuFnuEnergy flux upper uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharJ/A+A/655/A89/mjd57786SED on MJD 57785 shown in Fig.16InstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFreqFrequency, bin centerHzem.freqdoubleBFreqFrequency, bin lower widthHzem.freq;stat.mindoublebFreqFrequency, bin upper widthHzem.freq;stat.maxdoublel_nuFnuUpper limit flag on Energy flux (UL at 95% C.L.)meta.code.errorcharnuFnuEnergy flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_nuFnu=0 and E_nuFnu=0)mW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublee_nuFnuEnergy flux lower uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.errordoubleE_nuFnuEnergy flux upper uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleJ/A+A/655/A89/mjd57789SED on MJD 57789 shown in Fig.16recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintFreqFrequency, bin centerHzem.freqdoubleBFreqFrequency, bin lower widthHzem.freq;stat.mindoublebFreqFrequency, bin upper widthHzem.freq;stat.maxdoublel_nuFnuUpper limit flag on Energy flux (UL at 95% C.L.)meta.code.errorcharnuFnuEnergy flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_nuFnu=0 and E_nuFnu=0)mW.m**-2phot.fluxdoublee_nuFnuEnergy flux lower uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.errordoubleE_nuFnuEnergy flux upper uncertaintymW.m**-2stat.error;stat.maxdoubleInstInstrument (1)meta.id;instrcharJ/A+A/655/A89/figc1VHE and X-ray light curves of Fig.C1recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJDModified Julian date, bin centerdtime.epochdoubledeltaMJD? Modified Julian date, bin durationdtime.intervalfloatnullablel_FluxUpper limit flag (UL at 95% C.L.) (1)meta.code.error;phot.fluxcharFluxMeasured flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_Flux=0)phot.fluxdoublee_FluxFlux uncertaintystat.error;phot.fluxdoubleEnergyEnergy range or Filterinstr.bandpasscharInstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharx_FluxFlux unitsmeta.unit;phot.fluxcharJ/A+A/655/A89/figc2VHE and X-ray light curves of Fig.C2recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJDModified Julian date, bin centerdtime.epochdoubledeltaMJD? Modified Julian date, bin durationdtime.intervalfloatnullablel_FluxUpper limit flag (UL at 95% C.L.) (1)meta.code.error;phot.fluxcharFluxMeasured flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_Flux=0)phot.fluxdoublee_FluxFlux uncertaintystat.error;phot.fluxdoubleEnergyEnergy range or Filterinstr.bandpasscharInstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharx_FluxFlux unitsmeta.unit;phot.fluxcharJ/A+A/655/A89/figc3VHE and X-ray light curves of Fig.C3InstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJDModified Julian date, bin centerdtime.epochdoubledeltaMJD? Modified Julian date, bin durationdtime.intervalfloatnullablel_FluxUpper limit flag (UL at 95% C.L.) (1)meta.code.error;phot.fluxcharFluxMeasured flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_Flux=0)phot.fluxdoublee_FluxFlux uncertaintystat.error;phot.fluxdoubleEnergyEnergy range or Filterinstr.bandpasscharx_FluxFlux unitsmeta.unit;phot.fluxcharJ/A+A/655/A89/figc4VHE and X-ray light curves of Fig.C4recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintMJDModified Julian date, bin centerdtime.epochdoubledeltaMJD? Modified Julian date, bin durationdtime.intervalfloatnullablel_FluxUpper limit flag (UL at 95% C.L.) (1)meta.code.error;phot.fluxcharFluxMeasured flux (or UL at 95% C.L. if e_Flux=0)phot.fluxdoublee_FluxFlux uncertaintystat.error;phot.fluxdoubleEnergyEnergy range or Filterinstr.bandpasscharInstInstrumentmeta.id;instrcharx_FluxFlux unitsmeta.unit;phot.fluxchar