J/A+A/651/A84ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/651/A84doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36510084CDSMagrini L.Lagarde N.Charbonnel C.Franciosini E.Randich S.,Smiljanic R.Casali G.Viscasillas Vazquez C.Spina L.Biazzo K.,Pasquini L.Bragaglia A.Van der Swaelmen M.Tautvaisiene G.Inno L.,Sanna N.Prisinzano L.Degl'Innocenti S.Prada Moroni P.,Roccatagliata V.Tognelli E.Monaco L.de Laverny P.Delgado-Mena E.,Baratella M.D'Orazi V.Vallenari A.Gonneau A.Worley C.,Jimenez-Esteban F.Jofre P.Bensby T.Francois P.Guiglion G.Bayo A.,Jeries R.D.Binks A.S.Gilmore G.Damiani F.Korn A.Pancino E.,Sacco G.G.Hourihane A.Morbidelli L.Zaggia S.2023-02-04T18:38:24Z2021-07-22T08:59:38ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxyopen-star-clustersgiant-starschemical-abundancesWe aim to constrain the mixing processes in low-mass stars by investigating the behaviour of the Li surface abundance after the main sequence. We take advantage of the data from the sixth internal data release of Gaia-ESO, idr6, and from the Gaia Early Data Release 3, EDR3. We selected a sample of main-sequence, sub-giant, and giant stars in which the Li abundance is measured by the Gaia-ESO survey. These stars belong to 57 open clusters with ages from 130Myr to about 7Gyr and to Milky Way fields, covering a range in [Fe/H] between -1.0 and +0.5dex, with few stars between -1.0 and -2.5dex. We studied the behaviour of the Li abundances as a function of stellar parameters. We inferred the masses of giant stars in clusters from the main-sequence turn-off masses, and for field stars through comparison with stellar evolution models using a maximum likelihood technique. We compared the observed Li behaviour in field giant stars and in giant stars belonging to individual clusters with the predictions of a set of classical models and of models with mixing induced by rotation and thermohaline instability. The comparison with stellar evolution models confirms that classical models cannot reproduce the observed lithium abundances in the metallicity and mass regimes covered by the data. The models that include the effects of both rotation-induced mixing and thermohaline instability account for the Li abundance trends observed in our sample in all metallicity and mass ranges. The differences between the results of the classical models and of the rotation models largely differ (up to~2 dex), making lithium the best element with which to constrain stellar mixing processes in low-mass stars. We discuss the nature of a sample of Li-rich stars. We demonstrate that the evolution of the surface abundance of Li in giant stars is a powerful tool for constraining theoretical stellar evolution models, allowing us to distinguish the effect of different mixing processes. For stars with well-determined masses, we find a better agreement of observed surface abundances and models with rotation-induced and thermohaline mixing. Rotation effects dominate during the main sequence and the first phases of the post-main-sequence evolution, and the thermohaline induced mixing after the bump in the luminosity function.2021A&A...651A..84Mhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/651/A84CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/566/A50 : Classification of stellar spectra 644-681nm (Damiani+, 2014)J/A+A/640/A1 : Portrait Galactic disc (Cantat-Gaudin+, 2020)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/651/A84https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/651/A84http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/651/A84https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/651/A84https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/651/A84http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/651/A84GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/651/A84/table2 (Parameters of the Li-rich giant stars in the field)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true96.877875-4.67058330.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/651/A84/tablea1 (Parameters of our open clusters from Gaia-ESO IDR6)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true243.299-54.2270.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/651/A84/tablea2 (Cluster member stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true83.15320830.18466670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/651/A84/tablea3 (Field stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/tablea3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/tablea3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/651/A84/tablea3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true0.000375-54.92963890.0055555555555555565/4617 4653 5429 5514 5909 5934 7184 9239 9282 9307 9329 9398 9673 9838 6/4298 4783 6148-6149 14336 14573 14575 16397 16417 16488 16490 16576-16577 17021 17112 17128-17129 17192 17295 17300 17302 17317 17374 17379 17382 17403 17405 17649 17651 17688 17693 17714 17720 17725 17741 17768 17794 17810 17816 17826-17827 17966 17985 18001 18003 18017 18062 18068 18088 18433 18436 18450-18451 18455-18456 18462 18464 18467 18473 18476-18477 18479 18493 18495 18539 18567 18570-18573 18576 18578-18579 18584 18586 18591 18597 18599 18605 18608 18610-18611 18616-18617 18621 18626-18627 18632-18633 18636 18639-18640 18642 18645 18648 18658 18663-18664 18669 18677 18710 18724-18725 18743 18834 18848 18974 18996 19006 19027 19092 19109 20562 20763 20814 20939 20957 21203 21372 21518-21519 21528-21529 21550 21557 21567 21586 21594-21595 21610 21746-21747 21778 21800-21801 21816-21817 21839 21845 21850 21864 21866 22078-22079 22099 22102 22130 22216 22224-22225 22237 22239 22249 22433 22498-22499 22824 22887 22892 22894-22895 22945 23123 23126 23189 23191 23328 23497 23612 23695 23704-23706 23717 23719 23728 23730 23745 23861 24322 24328 24330 24344-24345 24576 24589-24591 24639 24696 24755 24771 24783 24828 24834 24840 25010 25044 25074 25095 25101 25112 25192 25201 25247 25251 25257 25262-25263 25277 25281 25304 25314 25316 25320 25326 25343 25346 25356 25392 25404 25445 25487 25498 25512 25529 25531 25536 25548-25549 25621 25645 25699 25705 25727 25738 25756 25763 25766 25813 25880 26112 26126 26129 26643 26692 26709 26729 26734-26735 26740 26790 26792 26803 26893 27153 27172-27173 27235 28681 28683 28720 28722 28725 28742-28746 28749 28765 28768 28770 28775 28778 28781-28784 28793 28797 28799 28822-28823 28868 28870 28890-28891 28936 28938 28968 28970 29014 29066 29728 29730 29951 30122 30215 30226 30292-30293 30295 30301 30308 30464 30466-30467 30472-30473 30635 30904 30906 31236 31240 31268 31273 31293 31332 31785 31787-31788 31790 31809 31812 32089 32969 33238 33253 33257 33278 33499 33511 33514-33515 33526 33530 33596-33598 33607 33618 33626-33627 33633 33661 33682 33685 33694 33702 33716 33726 33739 33746 33751 33761 33771 33776 33791 33809 33812-33813 33818 33826-33827 33854 33873 33894-33895 33927 33933 33953 33988 34000 34002 34007 34018 34027 34033 34035 34078 34093 34111 34127-34128 34132-34133 34152 34154 34178 34200 34211 34216-34217 34317-34318 34320-34321 34334 34348-34349 34369 34387 34401 34403-34404 34434 34447 34452 34468-34469 34494 34510 34513 34522-34523 34532 34540 34545 34583 34597 34602 34608 34661 34688 34714 34726 34838 34860 34864 34869 34879 34883 34889 34901 34905 34907 34918 34922 34944 34950 34954 34969 34982 34984 34986 35005 35020 35022 35025 35031 35051 35056 35072 35079 35085 35104 35106 35117 35151 35160 35162 35176 35197 35219 35234 35240 35277 35298 35344 35346 35358 35361 35387 35409 35414 35428 35456 35471 35476-35477 35518 35534 35537 35556 35602-35603 35617 35620 35705 35708 35854-35855 35926 36106 36795 36947 36950 36953 36955 37122-37123 37225 37227 37240-37242 37279 37313 37553 37569 37586-37587 37785 37787-37788 37790 37809 37812 37867 37933 37944 37970-37971 38018 38240 38252 38299 38302 38316 38363-38364 38366 38379 38391 38397 38441 38490-38491 38656 38678 38684 38711 38721 38752 38754 38767 38772 38795 38815 38840 38867 38873 38946 39074 39080 39091 39099 39102 39163 39181 39183 39192 39194 39205 39216-39218 39356 39358 39500 39584 39594 39672 39685 39696-39698 40214 40285 40287 40292 40294 40301 40312 40320 40349 40370 40392 40404 40445 40497 40500 40561 40641 40644 40667 40681 40683 40746-40747 40752 40872 40881 40911 40938 40959 41287 41303 41307 41310 41326 41330 41355 41368 41370 41410 41466 41613 41649 41678 41834 41983 41985-41986 42012 42021 42032 42048 42072 42153 42156 42177 42309 42325 42327 42337 42340 42374 42380 42402 42464 42496 42555 42638-42639 42648-42649 42651 42654 42658-42659 42663 42668 42670-42671 42674 42679 42686-42687 42959 42981 42992 43034 43054 43140 43245 43256 43311 43319 43322 43354 43360 43371 43376-43377 43389 43397 43411 43416-43417 43419 43430-43431 43436-43437 43485 43490 43502 43505-43506 43508 43512 43593 43611 43665 43675 43692 43710 43712 43726 43730-43731 43734 43740 43748 43794 43806-43807 43809 43821 43823 43842 43870 43892 43921 43923 44003 44006 44032 44034 44036-44037 44044 44047-44048 44051 44057 44077 44079 44083 44161 44287 44392 44431 44436 44440 44451-44453 44478 44494 44507 44514 44516 44548 44623 44627 44630 44634 44644 44646 44648 44669 44671 44686 44692 44696 44735 44756 44772 44776-44777 44815 44819 44835 44842 44888-44889 44911 44920-44921 44943 44954 44968 44970 44972 44995 44997 45007 45011 45013 45034 45379 45384 45399 45525 45527 45531 45542-45543 45546 45556 45567 45723 45739 45742 45745 45781 45785 45846 45852 45865 45868 45872 45887 45897 45899 45912 45924-45926 45971 45976-45977 45990 46037 46039 46064-46065 46082 46088 46090 46101 46105 46108 46121 46128 46143-46144 46149 46162 46165 46168 46179 46182 46203 46206 46224 46226-46227 46232 46243 46246 46263 46274 46285 46295 46306 46309 46315 46343 46354 46357 46366 46368 46377 46380 46418 46436 46449 46466 46608-46609 46617 46636-46637 46659 46685 46687 46733 46739 46744-46745 47106 47232 47274 47319 47339 47344 47388 47390 47405 47416 47418 47490 47644 47646-47647 47661 47669-47670 47673-47674 47679 47683 47686 47689-47690 47716 47720 47725 47736 47749-47750 47753-47754 47763-47765 47769 47776 47780-47781 47786 47809 47812 47847 47952 48511 48596-48598 48607 48612 48767 48803 48856 48858 48911 49151https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/651/A84?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/651/A84/table2Parameters of the Li-rich giant stars in the fieldrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintGESFieldGaia ESO Fieldobs.fieldcharCNameGaia ESO ID (HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.maincharSetupGaia ESO SETUPinstr.setupcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharTeffEffective temperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_TeffError on effective temperatureKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintlogg? Surface gravitycm.s**-2phys.gravityfloatnullablee_logg? Error on Surface gravitycm.s**-2stat.errorfloatnullable[Fe/H]? Iron abundance on the solar scaleinstr.scalefloatnullablee_[Fe/H]? Error on Iron abundance on the solar scalestat.error;phys.abund.FefloatnullablevsiniProjected rotational velocitykm/sphys.veloc.rotatfloate_vsiniError on projected rotational velocitykm/sstat.error;phys.veloc.rotatfloatLi1Lithium abundance 12+log(Li/H)phys.abundfloate_Li1Error on Lithium abundancestat.errorfloatOtherLiterature identification (1)meta.bibchar_RAPositions from CName (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from CName (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/651/A84/tablea1Parameters of our open clusters from Gaia-ESO IDR6SimbadNameSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.idcharnullablerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintID[1/57] Identification number of clustersmeta.idintClusterCluster Name in the Gaia ESO cataloguemeta.id;meta.maincharn_Cluster[ab] Note on Cluster (1)meta.notecharAgeCluster age from Cantat-Gaudin et al. (2020A&A...640A...1C, Cat. J/A+A/640/A1)Myrtime.ageintDistCluster distance from Cantat-Gaudin et al. (2020A&A...640A...1C, Cat. J/A+A/640/A1)pcpos.distanceintRgcGalactocentric distance from Cantat-Gaudin et al. (2020A&A...640A...1C, Cat. J/A+A/640/A1)kpcpos.distance;pos.galactocentricfloatrvMean cluster radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_rv? Error on the Mean radial velocitykm/sstat.errorfloatnullable[Fe/H]mMean cluster metallicity in the solar scaleinstr.scale;stat.meanfloate_[Fe/H]m? Error on the Mean cluster metallicitystat.error;phys.abund.ZfloatnullableMMSTOMain Sequence Turn Off (MSTO) masssolMassphys.massfloatAgeIsoAge of the Isochrone used to compute the MSTOGyrinstr.setupfloatZIsoMetallicity (by mass) of the Isochrone used to compute the MSTOphys.abund.Zfloat_RARight Ascension (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEDeclination (J2000) from SIMBAD (not part of the original data)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/651/A84/tablea2Cluster member starsl_Li1Upper limit flag for Li1meta.code.errorcharLi1Lithium abundancephys.abundfloate_Li1? Error on Lithium abundancestat.errorfloatnullableGamma? Gravity index defined in Damiani et al. (2014A&A...566A..50D, Cat. J/A+A/566/A50)spect.indexfloatnullablee_Gamma? Error on the Gravity index defined in Damiani et al. (2014A&A...566A..50D, Cat. J/A+A/566/A50)stat.errordoublenullablelogL? Stellar Luminosity in loglog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloatnullablee_logL? Error on the stellar Luminosity in loglog(solLum)stat.errorfloatnullableMMSTOMain Sequence Turn Off masssolMassphys.massfloatSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RAPositions from CName (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCNameGaia ESO ID (HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.maincharGESFieldGaia ESO Fieldobs.fieldcharTeffEffective TemperatureKphys.temperature.effectivefloate_TeffError on the Effective TemperatureKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintloggSurface gravitylog(cm.s**-1)phys.gravityfloate_loggError on Surface gravitylog(cm.s**-1)stat.errorfloat[Fe/H]Iron abundance on the solar scaleinstr.scalefloate_[Fe/H]Error on Iron abundance on the solar scalestat.error;phys.abund.Fefloat_DEPositions from CName (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainJ/A+A/651/A84/tablea3Field starsSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCNameGaia ESO ID (HHMMSSss+DDMMSSs)meta.id;meta.maincharGESFieldGaia ESO Fieldobs.fieldcharTeffEffective TemperatureKphys.temperature.effectiveinte_TeffError on the Effective TemperatureKstat.error;phys.temperature.effectiveintlogg? Surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)phys.gravityfloatnullablee_logg? Error on Surface gravitylog(cm.s**-2)stat.errorfloatnullable[Fe/H]Iron abundance on the solar scalelog(Sun)instr.scalefloate_[Fe/H]Error on Iron abundance on the solar scalelog(Sun)stat.error;phys.abund.Fefloatl_Li1Upper limit flag on Li1meta.code.errorcharLi1Lithium abundancephys.abundfloate_Li1? Error on Lithium abundancestat.errorfloatnullableGamma? Gravity index defined in Damiani et al. (2014A&A...566A..50D, Cat. J/A+A/566/A50)spect.indexfloatnullablee_Gamma? Error on the Gravity index defined in Damiani et al. (2014A&A...566A..50D, Cat. J/A+A/566/A50)stat.errordoublenullablelogLStellar Luminosity in loglog(solLum)phys.luminosityfloate_logLError on the stellar Luminosity in loglog(solLum)stat.errorfloatMassMasssolMassphys.massfloatE_MassError (positive) on the masssolMassstat.error;stat.maxfloate_MassError (negative) on the masssolMassstat.error;phys.massfloat_RAPositions from CName (right ascension part)degpos.eq.ra;meta.main_DEPositions from CName (declination part)degpos.eq.dec;meta.main