J/A+A/645/A55ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/645/A55doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36450055CDSPezzuto S.Benedettini M.Di Francesco J.Palmeirim P.Sadavoy S.,Schisano E.Li Causi G.Andre P.Arzoumanian D.Bernard J.-P.,Bontemps S.Elia D.Fiorellino E.Kirk J.M.Konyves V.Ladjelate B.,Men'shchikov A.Motte F.Piccotti L.Schneider N.Spinoglio L.,Ward-Thompson D.Wilson C.D.2022-12-23T07:51:08Z2021-01-12T07:56:11ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmolecular-cloudsmillimeter-astronomyphotometrysubmillimeter-astronomyThe complex of star-forming regions in Perseus is one of the most studied due to its proximity (about 300pc). In addition, its regions show variation in star-formation activity and age, with formation of low-mass and intermediate-mass stars. In this paper, we present analyses of images taken with the Herschel ESA satellite from 70 um to 500 um. From these images, we first constructed column density and dust temperature maps. We then identified compact cores in the maps at each wavelength, and characterised the cores using modified blackbody fits to their spectral energy distributions (SEDs): we identified 684 starless cores, of which 199 are bound and potential prestellar cores, and 132 protostars. We also matched the Herschel-identified young stars with GAIA sources to model distance variations across the Perseus cloud. We measure a linear gradient function with right ascension and declination for the entire cloud. This function is the first quantitative attempt to derive the gradient in distance across Perseus, from east to west, in an analytical form. We derived mass and temperature of cores from the SED fits. The core mass function can be modelled with a log-normal distribution that peaks at 0.82M_{sun}_ suggesting a star formation efficiency of 0.30 for a peak in the system initial mass function of stars at 0.25M_{sun}_. The high-mass tail can be modelled with a power law of slope ~-2.32, which is close to the Salpeter's value. We also identify the filamentary structure of Perseus and discuss the relation between filaments and star formation, confirming that stars form preferentially in filaments. We find that the majority of filaments with ongoing star formation are transcritical against their own internal gravity because their linear masses are below the critical limit of 16M_{sun}_/pc above which we expect filaments to collapse. We find a possible explanation for this result, showing that a filament with a linear mass as low as 8 Msun/pc can already be unstable. We confirm a linear relationship between star formation efficiency and the slope of dust probability density function, and we find a similar relationship with the core formation efficiency. We derive a lifetime for the prestellar core phase of 1.69+/-0.52Myr for the whole Perseus complex but different regions have a wide range in prestellar core fractions, suggesting that star formation began only recently in some clumps. We also derive a free-fall time for prestellar cores of 0.16Myr.2021A&A...645A..55Phttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/645/A55CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-tohttp://gouldbelt-herschel.cea.fr/archives : Herschel Gould Belt Home Pagehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/645/A55https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/645/A55http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/645/A55https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/645/A55https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/645/A55http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/645/A55GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/645/A55/tablea1 (Catalogue with coordinates and the properties extracted from the Herschel images (corrected version, 23-Dec-2022))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A55/tablea1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A55/tablea1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A55/tablea1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true50.768416730.57891670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/645/A55/tablea2 (Derived physical properties of the dense cores (corrected version, 23-Dec-2022))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A55/tablea2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A55/tablea2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A55/tablea2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true50.768416730.57891670.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/645/A55/tablee (Catalogue of additional sources excluded from the main catalogue (tables E1-E3))https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A55/tablee?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A55/tablee?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/645/A55/tablee?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true51.0300330.276150.0055555555555555565/214-215 384 6/855 880-881 884-885 1542-1545 15483.972892068905477e-22 2.837779945223663e-21https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/645/A55?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/A+A/645/A55/tablea1Catalogue with coordinates and the properties extracted from the Herschel images (corrected version, 23-Dec-2022)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintrunNo[1/816] Core running numbermeta.idintPA350[-90/90] Position angle at 350um (2)degpos.posAngintSigni500Detection significance at 500um (1)stat.fit.goodnessfloatSpeak500Peak flux density at 500umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzdoublee_Speak500Uncertainty on peak flux density at 500umJy/beamstat.errorfloatSpeak500/BgContrast over local background at 500uminstr.backgroundfloatStot500Integrated flux density at 500umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzdoubleRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000.0)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000.0)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainSigni070Detection significance at 70um (1)stat.fit.goodnessfloatSpeak070Peak flux density at 70umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umdoublee_Speak070Uncertainty on peak flux density at 70umJy/beamstat.errorfloatSpeak070/BgContrast over local background at 70uminstr.backgroundfloatSconv500-070Peak flux density at 70um measured after smoothing data to 36.3" beam (in Jy/beam500)Jy/beamphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umdoubleStot070Integrated flux density at 70umJyphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umdoublee_Stot070Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 70umJystat.errorfloatFWHMa070Major FWHM diameter at 70umarcsecphys.angSize;em.IR.60-100umintFWHMb070Minor FWHM diameter at 70umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisintPA070[-90/90] Position angle at 70um (2)degpos.posAngintSigni160Detection significance at 160um (1)stat.fit.goodnessfloatSpeak160Peak flux density at 160umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublee_Speak160Uncertainty on peak flux density at 160umJy/beamstat.errorfloatSpeak160/BgContrast over local background at 160uminstr.backgroundfloatSconv500-160Peak flux density at 160um measured after smoothing data to 36.3" beam (in Jy/beam500)Jy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoubleStot160Integrated flux density at 160umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublee_Stot160Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 160umJystat.errorfloatFWHMa160Major FWHM diameter at 160umarcsecphys.angSize;em.mm.1500-3000GHzintFWHMb160Minor FWHM diameter at 160umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisintPA160[-90/90] Position angle at 160um (2)degpos.posAngintSigni250Detection significance at 250um (1)stat.fit.goodnessfloatSpeak250Peak flux density at 250umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublee_Speak250Uncertainty on peak flux density at 250umJy/beamstat.errorfloatSpeak250/BgContrast over local background at 250uminstr.backgroundfloatSconv500-250Peak flux density at 250um measured after smoothing data to 36.3" beam (in Jy/beam500)Jy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoubleStot250Integrated flux density at 250umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublee_Stot250Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 250umJystat.errorfloatFWHMa250Major FWHM diameter at 250umarcsecphys.angSize;em.mm.750-1500GHzintFWHMb250Minor FWHM diameter at 250umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisintPA250[-90/90] Position angle at 250um (2)degpos.posAngintSigni350Detection significance at 350um (1)stat.fit.goodnessfloatSpeak350Peak flux density at 350umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublee_Speak350Uncertainty on peak flux density at 350umJy/beamstat.errorfloatSpeak350/BgContrast over local background at 350uminstr.backgroundfloatSconv500-350Peak flux density at 350um measured after smoothing data to 36.3" beam (in Jy/beam500)Jy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoubleStot350Integrated flux density at 350umJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublee_Stot350Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 350umJystat.errorfloatFWHMa350Major FWHM diameter at 350umarcsecphys.angSize;em.mm.750-1500GHzintFWHMb350Minor FWHM diameter at 350umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisinte_Stot500Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 500umJystat.errorfloatFWHMa500Major FWHM diameter at 500umarcsecphys.angSize;em.mm.400-750GHzintFWHMb500Minor FWHM diameter at 500umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisintPA500[-90/90] Position angle at 500um (2)degpos.posAngintSigniNH2Detection significance at high-resolution column density, N(H2) (1)stat.fit.goodnessfloatNpeakNH2Peak N(H2) at 18.2" resolution1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatNpeakNH2/NbgContrast over local background in N(H2)instr.backgroundfloatNconv500NH2Peak N(H2) at 36.3" resolution1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatNbgNH2Local background in H2 column density1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatFWHMaNH2Major FWHM diameter in N(H2)arcsecphys.angSizeintFWHMbNH2Minor FWHM diameter in N(H2)arcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisintPANH2[-90/90] Position angle in N(H2) (2)degpos.posAngintNumberSED[1/5] Number of significant Herschel bandsmeta.numberintCuTEx[0-2] Association with CuTEx counterpart (3)meta.codeintCoreTypeCore typesrc.classcharSIMBADCounterparts in SIMBADmeta.idcharSpitzerCounterpart in Spitzer (4)meta.idcharCommentsAdditional comment (5)meta.notecharCoreNameCore name, HHMMSS.s-DDMMSS, to be added after HGBS-Jmeta.id;meta.maincharJ/A+A/645/A55/tablea2Derived physical properties of the dense cores (corrected version, 23-Dec-2022)alphaBERatio between the Bonnor-Ebert critical mass of the core and the observed massphys.mass;arith.ratiofloatCoreTypeCore typesrc.classcharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintrunNo[1/816] Core running numbermeta.idintCoreNameCore name, HHMMSS.s-DDMMSS, to be added after HGBS-Jmeta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000.0)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination sign (J2000.0)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainrCoreDeconvolved core radius (1)pcphys.size.radiusfloatrObsObserved core radius (2)pcphys.size.radiusfloatMcoreEstimated core masssolMassphys.massfloate_McoreUncertainty in the core masssolMassstat.errorfloatTdustDust temperature from SED fittingKphys.temperaturefloate_TdustUncertainty in the dust temperatureKstat.errorfloatNh2peakPeak H2 column density measured in the maps at 36.3" resolution1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensity;stat.maxfloatNh2aveDAverage N(H2) derived using R_core1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatNh2aveOAverage N(H2) derived using R_obs1e+21cm**-2phys.columnDensityfloatnh2peakBeam-averaged peak volume density (3)10000cm**-3phys.densityfloatnh2aveDAverage core volume density from R_core10000cm**-3phys.densityfloatnh2aveOAverage volume density from R_obs10000cm**-3phys.densityfloatCommentsAdditional comments (4)meta.notecharJ/A+A/645/A55/tablea3Ancillary data (corrected version, 23-Dec-2022)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintrunNo[1/816] Core running numbermeta.id;meta.mainintLbol(ana)Bolometric luminosity from analytical integration of a modified blackbody (1)solLumphys.luminosityfloatLSEDBolometric luminosity from numerical integration of the observed SEDsolLumphys.luminosityfloatlambda0Wavelength above which the model is optically thin (1)muem.wlfloatlambda*Wavelength above which the model must be optically thin for Lbol(ana) to be valid (1)muem.wlintCoreType[0/3]? Core type (2)meta.codeintnullableSEDfi[0/1]? SED reliable/unreliable (3)meta.codeintnullableRegion[0/16]? Cloud where the source is found (4)meta.codeintnullableJ/A+A/645/A55/tableeCatalogue of additional sources excluded from the main catalogue (tables E1-E3)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNo[1/170] Source running numbermeta.id;meta.mainintTypeType (1)meta.codecharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000.0)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000.0)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainSigni070? Detection significance at 70umstat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableSpeak070? Peak flux density at 70umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umdoublenullablee_Speak070? Uncertainty on peak flux density at 70umJy/beamstat.errordoublenullableStot070? Integrated flux density at 70umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.IR.30-60umdoublenullablee_Stot070? Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 70umJy/beamstat.errordoublenullableFWHMa070? Major FWHM diameter at 70umarcsecphys.angSize;em.IR.60-100umfloatnullableFWHMb070? Minor FWHM diameter at 70umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatnullablePA070? Position angle at 70umdegpos.posAngfloatnullableSigni160Detection significance at 160umstat.fit.goodnessfloatSpeak160Peak flux density at 160umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublee_Speak160Uncertainty on peak flux density at 160umJy/beamstat.errordoubleStot160Integrated flux density at 160umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.1500-3000GHzdoublee_Stot160Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 160umJy/beamstat.errordoubleFWHMa160Major FWHM diameter at 160umarcsecphys.angSize;em.mm.1500-3000GHzfloatFWHMb160Minor FWHM diameter at 160umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatPA160Position angle at 160umdegpos.posAngfloatSigni250? Detection significance at 250umstat.fit.goodnessdoublenullableSpeak250? Peak flux density at 250umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublenullablee_Speak250? Uncertainty on peak flux density at 250umJy/beamstat.errordoublenullableStot250? Integrated flux density at 250umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublenullablee_Stot250? Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 250umJy/beamstat.errordoublenullableFWHMa250? Major FWHM diameter at 250umarcsecphys.angSize;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloatnullableFWHMb250? Minor FWHM diameter at 250umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatnullablePA250? Position angle at 250umdegpos.posAngfloatnullableSigni350? Detection significance at 350umstat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableSpeak350? Peak flux density at 350umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublenullablee_Speak350? Uncertainty on peak flux density at 350umJy/beamstat.errordoublenullableStot350? Integrated flux density at 350umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoublenullablee_Stot350? Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 350umJy/beamstat.errordoublenullableFWHMa350? Major FWHM diameter at 350umarcsecphys.angSize;em.mm.750-1500GHzfloatnullableFWHMb350? Minor FWHM diameter at 350umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatnullablePA350? Position angle at 350umdegpos.posAngfloatnullableSigni500? Detection significance at 500umstat.fit.goodnessfloatnullableSpeak500? Peak flux density at 500umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzdoublenullablee_Speak500? Uncertainty on peak flux density at 500umJy/beamstat.errordoublenullableStot500? Integrated flux density at 500umJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.400-750GHzdoublenullablee_Stot500? Uncertainty on integrated flux density at 500umJy/beamstat.errordoublenullableFWHMa500? Major FWHM diameter at 500umarcsecphys.angSize;em.mm.400-750GHzfloatnullableFWHMb500? Minor FWHM diameter at 500umarcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatnullablePA500? Position angle at 500umdegpos.posAngfloatnullableSigniNH2? Detection significance at high-resolution column density, N(H2)stat.fit.goodnessdoublenullableNpeakNH2? Peak N(H2) at 18.2" resolution1e+20cm**-2phys.columnDensitydoublenullablee_NpeakNH2? Uncertainty on peak N(H2) at 18.2" resolution1e+20cm**-2stat.errordoublenullableFWHMaNH2? Major FWHM diameter in N(H2)arcsecphys.angSizefloatnullableFWHMbNH2? Minor FWHM diameter in N(H2)arcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatnullablePAH2? Position angle in N(H2)degpos.posAngfloatnullable