J/A+A/641/A42ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/641/A42doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36410042CDSBodensteiner J.Shenar T.Sana H.2021-04-08T14:50:33Z2020-09-07T08:39:41ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frbe-starsdwarf-starsstellar-spectral-typesAbout 20% of all B-type stars are classical Be stars. The Be phenomenon is strongly correlated with rapid rotation, the origin of which remains unclear. It may be rooted in single- or binary-star evolution. In the framework of the binary channel, the initially more massive star transfers mass and angular momentum to the original secondary, which becomes a Be star. The system then evolves into a Be binary with a post-main-sequence companion, which may later be disrupted in a supernova event. Hence, if the binary channel dominates the formation of Be stars, one may expect a strong lack of close Be binaries with main sequence (MS) companions. Through an extensive, star-by-star review of the literature of a magnitude-limited sample of Galactic early-type Be stars, we investigate whether Be binaries with MS companions are known to exist. Our sample is constructed from the BeSS database and cross-matched with all available literature on the individual stars. Out of an initial list of 505 Be stars, we compile a final sample of 287 Galactic Be stars earlier than B1.5 with V<=12mag. Out of those, 13 objects were reported as Be binaries with known post-MS companions and 11 as binaries with unknown, uncertain or debated companions. We find no confirmed reports of Be binaries with MS companions. For the remaining 263 targets, no significant reports of multiplicity exist in the literature, implying that they are either Be binaries with faint companions, or truly single. The clear lack of reported MS companions to Be stars, which stands in contrast to the high number of detected B+B MS binaries, strongly supports the hypothesis that early-type Be stars are binary interaction products that spun up after mass and angular momentum transfer from a companion star. Taken at face value, our results may suggest that a large majority of the early-type Be stars have formed through binary mass-transfer.2020A&A...641A..42Bhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/641/A42CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicehttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/641/A42https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/641/A42http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/641/A42https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/641/A42https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/641/A42http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/641/A42GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/641/A42/tablec1 (Stars in the final sample)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/641/A42/tablec1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/641/A42/tablec1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/641/A42/tablec1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true26.7508833361.356572780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/641/A42/tablec2 (Stars that are probably not classical Be stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/641/A42/tablec2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/641/A42/tablec2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/641/A42/tablec2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true7.8300041762.427622780.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/641/A42/tablec3 (Be stars with spectral types later than B1.5 or unknown spectral type)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/641/A42/tablec3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/641/A42/tablec3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/641/A42/tablec3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true8.9263916768.707283330.0055555555555555566/267 1289 1301 1305 1307 1310 1319 1328 1342 1429 1445 1558 1733 1783 1787 1824 1944 1956 1960 2550 2554 2903 2934 2937 2940-2942 2996 3030 3050 3057-3058 3060 3063 3066 3198 3243 3247 3253-3254 3256-3258 3261-3262 3270 3283 3298 3301 3306-3308 3316 3587 3589 3596 3602 3604 3608-3610 3618-3620 3625 3630-3632 3635 3638 3641 3658-3659 3680 3712 3718 3722-3723 3763 3874 9686 12827 13000 13039 13234 13934 13967 14003 14047 14057 14068 14072 14152 14172 14188 14198 14207 14217 14219 14236 14251 14256-14257 14261 14265 14279 14283 14299 14317 14321-14322 14353 14356 14415 14418 14425 14457 14598 14601 14621 14628-14630 14640-14641 14643 14645 14654 14658 14666 14686 14698 14709 14718 14763 14789 14798 15090 15368 15372 15375 15384 15386 15392 15394 15463 15476 15479 15493 15510-15511 15575 15580 15616 15632 15654 15662 15683 15686 15829 16207 19202 20497 20546 20816-20817 20820 20829 20861 20877 20955 21316 21324 21343 21439 21546 21557-21558 21564 21602 21632 21643 21649 21655 21657 21661 21682 21690-21691 22032 22039-22040 22044 22046 22087 22093 22121-22122 22197 22209 22236 22243 22246 22252 22435 22517 22837 22854 22895 23374 23572 23632 23637 23658 23672 23807 23839 23851 23941 23946 23976 23980 23992 23998 24180 24291 24339 24344 24359 24363 24381 24384 24451-24453 24457 24461-24462 24469 24483 28734 28780 28822 28828 28831 28853 28866 28886 28890 28901-28902 28904 28913 28968 28984 29046 29086 29089 29092 29096 29100 29135 29159-29160 29162 29175 29179 29256 29457 29463 29505 29520 29593 29729 29864 29893 30094 30211-30212 30215 30217 30227 30239 30242 30244 30278 30477 30632 30642 30818 31748 32546 33094 37150 37184 37235 37245 37247 37263 37327 37331 37333 37335 37343 37366 37592 37715 37725 37742 37795 37833 37867 37872 37876 37880 37895 37897 37901 37903 37906 37909-37910 37923-37924 37926-37927 37930-37932 38016 38019 38024 38026-38027 38048 38051 38058 38446 38655 39238 39268 39372-39373 39378 39397 39417 39671 39700 39734 39750-39751 39758 39763 39770 39774 39780 39783 39788 39793-39794 39803-39804 39806 39894-39895 39897 39905 39922 39924 40085 40451 40587 41445 41454 41468 41521 41621 41653-41654 41663 41670 41673 41680 41696-41697 41701 41704 41706-41707 41741 41744 41747 41759 41767-41768 42080 42095 42152 42157 42159-42160 42183 42195 42209 42225 42228 42314 42346 42417 42437 42439 42441 42470 42483 42486 42515-42516 42524 42630 43009 43016-43017 43023-43024 43027 43033 43036 43038 43041 43049 43059 43063 43365 443603.322582951404819e-19 3.852589004194616e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/641/A42?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/641/A42/tablec1Stars in the final samplerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharHD? HD numbermeta.idcharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmagV magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatSpTypeSpectral typesrc.spTypecharr_SpTypeSpectral type reference, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;pos.framecharCommentsComments (G1)meta.notecharClass[i ii iv] Classmeta.code.classcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/A+A/641/A42/tablec2Stars that are probably not classical Be starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharHD? HD numbermeta.idintnullableRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmagV magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatSpTypeSpectral typesrc.spTypecharr_SpTypeSpectral type reference, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;pos.framecharCommentsComments (G1)meta.notecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/A+A/641/A42/tablec3Be stars with spectral types later than B1.5 or unknown spectral typerecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameStar namemeta.id;meta.maincharHD? HD numbermeta.idintnullableRAJ2000Right Ascension (J2000)pos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000)pos.eq.dec;meta.mainVmagV magnitudemagphot.mag;em.opt.VfloatSpTypeSpectral typesrc.spTypecharr_SpTypeSpectral type reference, in refs.dat filemeta.ref;pos.framecharCommentsComments (G1)meta.notecharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharJ/A+A/641/A42/refsReferencesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRefReference codemeta.notecharBibCodeBibCodemeta.bib.bibcodecharAutAtuhor's namemeta.id;meta.maincharComCommentsmeta.notechar