J/A+A/637/A98ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/637/A98doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36370098CDSHanke M.Koch A.Prudil Z.Grebel E. K.Bastian U.2021-09-06T15:08:42Z2020-05-27T09:54:13ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frglobular-star-clustersstellar-associationsradial-velocitychemical-abundancesA long-lasting open question in the field of Galactic archeology refers to the size of the contribution from former globular cluster (GC) stars to the formation of the stellar halo of the Milky Way. We contribute to answering this important question by establishing observational links between the present-day halo field star population and GCs. To this end, we combined astrometric information such as space motions and parallaxes from the second data release of the Gaia mission (Gaia DR2) with spectroscopic radial velocities and metallicities ([Fe/H]) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-IV, DR14) to end up with a seven-dimensional chemodynamical information space for more than 3x10^5^ stars. Moreover, from our previous study, we incorporated the sample of halo giant stars with a distinct chemical signature (strong CN bandheads) that resembles the light-elements anomaly otherwise only seen in the second generation of globular cluster stellar populations. Using three different tagging techniques -- among which is the exploration of conservative integrals of motion -- we are able to establish unique associations between 151 extratidal stars in the neighborhood of eight GCs, which coincide with earlier findings of stellar envelopes beyond the tidal radius and even beyond (out to several tens of tidal radii). In addition, we trace the possible origin of about 62% of the sample of CN-strong giants to their potential host clusters. We find a connection between several of the involved GCs and the Gaia-Enceladus and Sequoia merger events. By establishing kinematic and chemical connections between 17 CN-strong stars and their surrounding fields, we identify co- moving groups of stars at the same [Fe/H] with a possible cluster origin. Some of these associations contain RR Lyrae variables, which allows meaningful distance inferences to be made. From these, we find strong evidence that four CN-strong stars and their associates are connected to the Sagittarius stream whilst their tightly confined [Fe/H] may hint to a birth site in M 54, the massive cluster in Sagittarius' core remnant. Finally, by employing the counts of CN-strong and bona-fide CN-normal giants from our novel sample, we provide tentative estimates for the fraction of first-generation cluster stars among all stars lost to the halo. In the immediate cluster vicinity, this value amounts to 50.0+/-16.7% while the associations in the halo field rather imply 80.2-5.2+4.9%. We speculate that -- if proven real by spectroscopic follow-up -- the disparity between these numbers could indicate a major contribution of low- mass clusters to the overall number of stars escaped to the halo or could alternatively suggest strong mass loss from the first generation during early cluster dissolution.2020A&A...637A..98Hhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/637/A98CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toI/345 : Gaia DR2 (Gaia Collaboration, 2018)J/ApJ/813/89 : Radial velocities of Milky Way inner halo stars (King+, 2015)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/637/A98https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/637/A98http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/637/A98https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/637/A98https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/637/A98http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/637/A98GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/637/A98/tablec1 (*Information about star-cluster associations)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/637/A98/tablec1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/637/A98/tablec1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/637/A98/tablec1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true182.45918.7730.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/637/A98/tablec3 (Information about associations among field stars)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/637/A98/tablec3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/637/A98/tablec3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/637/A98/tablec3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true187.356-0.0950.0055555555555555565/5 1046 4377-4379 4390 4438 4441-4442 4454 4457 5801 6566 6569 6586 6961 6985 9195 6/1-2 26 31 64 66 260 263 272 546 4106-4107 4134 4139 4141-4142 4146 4165-4167 4176 4190-4191 4201 4204 4212 4223 4252 4286 4371 4373-4375 4385 4391 4393 4402-4403 4423 4429 4439-4442 4453 4468 4473 4480 4505 4510 4531-4532 4535 4537-4538 4540 4543 4576 4578 4584 4604 4625 4630-4631 4658 4667 4670 4733 4749 4751 4817 4884 4967 4978 5177-5179 5200 5203 5248 5251-5252 5263 5272 5359 5362 5434-5436 5521 5525-5526 5541 5543 5549-5550 5573 5817 5840 5842 5878 5887 5890-5891 5893 5896 5908 5913 5916 6056 6074 7252 7259 7262 8545 8671 8868 8951 8992 9121 9123 9125 9189 9215 9236 9336 9340 9342-9343 9402 9425 9428 9431 9435-9436 9438 9581 9608 9610 9612-9613 9616 9623-9624 9633 9664 9666 9669 9773 9793 9863 9944 10253 10286 10314-10315 10318 10336-10337 10385 10496 10546 10565 10576 10580 10582 10591 10694 11269 11275 11293 11304 11317 11329 11339 11363 12389 12391 12402 12555 12576 17469-17471 17507 17549 17551 17554-17555 17557-17558 17566 17572-17573 17575 17584 17600-17601 17661 17664 17668 17725-17727 17742-17743 17745 17747 17749-17750 17756-17757 17759 17761-17763 17772-17774 17776-17778 17805 17807 17810-17811 17813-17815 17820-17822 17825-17827 17832-17833 17835-17836 17840 17842 17856-17858 17906 17912-17913 17916 17999 18002-18003 18005 18010-18012 18023 18028 18030 18032-18034 18071 18112 18114 18176 18178 18223 18226-18227 18232 18234-18235 18320-18321 18411 19051 19056 19085 19089 19091 19099 19109 21858-21859 21869 21954 21975 22003 22009 22362-22363 22367 22384 23182-23183 23185 23189 23191 23193 23195-23196 23198 23201 23209-23214 23218 23232 23273 23470 25531 25590 25597 26116 26161 26166 26168 26189 26195 26200 26202 26206 26235 26254-26255 26257 26259-26260 26263 26268 26275 26281-26282 26284-26285 26288 26299 26304 26306 26328 26339 26362 26529 26531-26532 26535 26537 26539-26542 26546 26552 26618 26896 26953-26954 26958-26959 26980 26993 27134 27251-27252 27257 27334 27345 27349 27403 27433 27449-27453 27523 27525-27526 27537-27539 27541 27544 27559-27560 27571 27574 27578 27581 27604 27607 27641 27647 27649 27669-27670 27673 27677 27679 27684-27685 27687 27693-27695 27701 27704-27705 27708 27712-27714 27718 27720 27729 27736 27744 27756-27757 27761 27770 27806 27810-27811 27817 27820 27831 27837-27838 27842 27848 27854 27858 27864 27870-27871 27874 27891 27905 27907-27908 27910 27918 27920 27926 27937 27939 27945 27950 27952 27965 27973 27981 27985 27994 28001 28003-28004 28046-28047 28052 28055 28067-28070 28073-28076 28078 28080 28082 28088 28096 28107 28133 28141 28231 28249 28260 28267 28282 28299 28347 28352 28416-28417 28450 28458-28459 28468 28544 28546-28548 28550 28577 32672 32696-32697 32699 36731 36773 36776 36792 36862-368631.9867573869263685e-19 3.916500758235022e-19https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/637/A98?format=asciidefaultJ/A+A/637/A98/tablec1*Information about star-cluster associationse_PlxTrigonometric parallax errormasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClusterPotential host clustermeta.id.parentcharGaiaDR2Gaia DR2 source IDmeta.idRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrSeparation from cluster (in tidal radii)pos.angDistancefloatPlxTrigonometric parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloatpmRAcosDEProper motion in RA, pmRA*cosDEmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloate_pmRAcosDEProper motion in RA errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDEProper motion in DEmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloate_pmDEProper motion in DE errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatRVLine-of-sight radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RVLine-of-sight radial velocity errorkm/sstat.errorfloat[Fe/H]Metallicityphys.abund.Zfloate_[Fe/H]Metallicity errorstat.error;phys.abund.FefloatP(A/B)Association probabilitystat.fit.goodnessfloatGmagGaia DR2 G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatBP-RPGaia DR2 BP-RP color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatNote[1/2]? Special note flag (1)meta.noteintnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decnullableindexedJ/A+A/637/A98/tablec3Information about associations among field starsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintCNSidGaia DR2 source ID of CN-strong starmeta.id;meta.mainGaiaDR2Gaia DR2 source ID of associated starmeta.idRA_ICRSRight Ascension (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDE_ICRSDeclination (ICRS) at Ep=2015.5degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainrSeparation from CN-strong stardegpos.angDistancefloatPlxTrigonometric parallaxmaspos.parallax.trigfloate_PlxTrigonometric parallax errormasstat.error;pos.parallaxfloatpmRAcosDEProper motion in RA, pmRA*cosDEmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.rafloate_pmRAcosDEProper motion in RA errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.rafloatpmDEProper motion in Decmas/yrpos.pm;pos.eq.decfloate_pmDEProper motion in Dec errormas/yrstat.error;pos.pm;pos.eq.decfloatRVLine-of-sight radial velocitykm/sphys.veloc;pos.heliocentricfloate_RVLine-of-sight radial velocity errorkm/sstat.errorfloat[Fe/H]Metallicityphys.abund.Zfloate_[Fe/H]Metallicity errorstat.error;phys.abund.FefloatP(A/B)Association probabilitystat.fit.goodnessfloatGmagGaia DR2 G-band magnitudemagphot.mag;em.optfloatBP-RPGaia DR2 BP-RP color indexmagphot.color;em.opt.B;em.opt.RfloatRRtype? RR Lyrae typemeta.notecharRef[1,5]? Reference flag (1)meta.noteintnullabled? Distancekpcpos.distancefloatnullablee_d? Distance errorkpcstat.errorfloatnullable_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) at Epoch=J2000, proper motions taken into accountdegpos.eq.decnullableindexed