J/A+A/633/A80ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/633/A80doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36330080CDSKrolikowska M.2020-04-16T13:28:00Z2020-01-14T06:49:24ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frsolar-systemcometsThe original 1/a-distribution is the only observational basis for the origin of long-period comets (LPCs) and the dynamical properties of the Oort Cloud. Although they are very subtle in the motion of these comets, non-gravitational effects can cause major changes in the original semimajor axis, 1/a_ori_ We obtained reliable non-gravitational orbits for as many LPCs with small perihelion distances of q<3.1au as possible, and determined the corresponding shape of the Oort spike. We determined the osculating orbits of each comet using several data-processing methods, and selected the preferred orbit using a few specific criteria. The distribution of 1/a_ori_ for the whole comet sample was constructed using the individual Gaussian distribution we obtained for the preferred solution of each comet. The derived distribution of 1/a_ori_ for almost all known small-perihelion Oort spike comets was based on 64% of the non-gravitational orbits. This was compared with the distribution based on purely gravitational orbits, as well as with 1/a_ori_ constructed earlier for LPCs with q>3.1 au. We present a statistical analysis of the magnitudes of the non-gravitational acceleration for about 100~LPCs. The 1/a_ori_-distribution, which is based mainly on the non-gravitational orbits of small-perihelion Oort spike comets, is shifted by about 10x10^-6^au^-1^ to higher values of 1/a_ori_ compared with the distribution that is obtained when the non-gravitational effects on comet motion are ignored. We show the differences in the 1/a_ori_-distributions between LPCs with q<3.1au and those with q>3.1au. These findings indicate the important role of non-gravitational~acceleration in the motion and origin of LPCs and in the formation of the Oort Cloud.2020A&A...633A..80Khttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/633/A80CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic servicerelated-toJ/A+A/567/A126 : Warsaw Catalogue of cometary orbits (Krolikowska, 2014)https://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/633/A80https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/633/A80http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/633/A80https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/633/A80https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/633/A80http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/633/A80GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapdefaultJ/A+A/633/A80/table1*List of cometsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNGindicates non-gravitational (NG) parameters in table3meta.ref.urlcharSample[ABC] Sample name (1)meta.id;src.samplecharDesigComet's designationmeta.id;meta.maincharprimaryor-tType of model used to orbit determination (2)meta.notecharor-qualorbital quality assessment based on the method given in KD13 (Krolikowska and Dybczynski, 2013MNRAS.435..440K)meta.code.qualcharTableTable designation with data description used for orbit determination, and original and future reciprocals of semimajor axesmeta.idcharPrefKey informing whether original semimajor axis is based on new orbital determination (new) or on orbit previously published (old)meta.codecharJ/A+A/633/A80/table3Non-gravitational (NG) parameters for comets with non-gravitational solutions taken as preferred solutionsrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintTabTable number (1)meta.id;meta.datasetcharDesigComet's designationmeta.id;meta.maincharType[SC] 'S' means g(r) function for water ice sublimation, 'C' means CO sublimationmeta.codecharModelinternal model namemeta.id;stat.param;meta.modelledcharqoscOsculating perihelion distanceaupos.distance;src.orbital.periastrondoubleA1Radial component of NG parameter (2)1e-08au.d**-2spect.dopplerVelocdoublee_A1Uncertainty of the radial component of NG parameter(2)1e-08au.d**-2stat.errordoubleA2Transverse component of NG parameter (2)1e-08au.d**-2stat.paramdoublee_A2Uncertainty of transverse component of NG parameter(2)1e-08au.d**-2stat.errordoubleA3Normal component of NG parameter (2)1e-08au.d**-2stat.paramdoublee_A3Uncertainty of normal component of NG parameter (2)1e-08au.d**-2stat.errordoublemm-exponent in g(r)-like function (3)stat.fit.paramfloatnn-exponent in g(r)-like function (3)stat.fit.paramfloatkk-exponent in g(r)-like function (3)stat.fit.paramfloatr0Distant scale in g(r)-like function of NG acceleration (3)austat.fit.paramfloatalphaNormalization constant in g(r)-like function of NG acceleration (3)stat.fit.paramdoubleDTtime shift of maximum g(r)-function relative to perihelion passagedtime;arith.diffdoublee_DTuncertainty of DTdstat.errorfloatJ/A+A/633/A80/tablea2Description of observational material, orbit quality assessment, and original and future semimajor axis for Oort spike comets with non-gravitational orbit determinable (comets lost close to perihelion or split comets)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDesigComet's designationmeta.id;meta.maincharCnameComet's designationmeta.idcharqosc? osculating perihelion distanceaupos.distance;src.orbital.periastronfloatnullablen3The internal model name used in the databasemeta.codecharTime? Perihelion time [TT]src.orbital.periastronnullablez[1/4]? key for a qualitative description of impact of NG effects on positional data fitting (2)meta.codeintnullablearc1Date of first observation taken for orbit determination [TT]time.epocharc2Date of last observation taken for orbit determination [TT]time.epochNobs? Number of used (1)meta.numberintnullablearcy? Interval of data taken for orbit determination (arc in years)yrtime.intervalfloatnullabledh1? Heliocentric distance of first observation taken to orbit determinationaupos.distance;obs.param;obsfloatnullabledh2? Heliocentric distance of last observation taken to orbit determinationaupos.distance;obs.param;obsfloatnullabledatatData type in the sense of time-distribution around perihelion: PRE/PRE+/FULL/POST/POST+ /POST++/PRE++meta.codecharModelModel type: GR = gravitational, NG = non-gravitationalmeta.notecharQ*GR? Accuracy of gravitational orbitstat.errorfloatnullableQ*NG? Accuracy of non-gravitational orbit when determinablestat.errorfloatnullableQlnewQuality orbit assessment according to Krolikowska and Dybczynski, 2013MNRAS.435..440Kmeta.code.qualcharRMS? Root-mean-square errorarcsecstat.stdev;instr.det.noisefloatnullableNres? Number of residuals taken for orbit determination for a given modelmeta.numberintnullableRefReferences to the solution (3)meta.ref;stat.fitchararcSType of data arc selection for orbit determination (4)meta.notechardataW[YES/NO+ ] Flag data weigthing, YES/NOmeta.codecharorbPFlag of prefered orbit; usually YES+/NO (for arc_s.eq.'STD') (5)meta.codecharngTypeType of NG solution (for NG only) (6)meta.codechar1/aori? Inverse original semimajor axis1e-08au**-1phys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitaldoublenullablee_1/aori? Uncertainty of inverse original semimajoraxis1e-08au**-1stat.errorfloatnullable1/afut? Inverse future semimajor axis1e-08au**-1phys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitaldoublenullablee_1/afut? Uncertainty of inverse future semimajor axis1e-08au**-1stat.errordoublenullableNotesAdditional Notesmeta.notecharJ/A+A/633/A80/tablea3Description of observational material, orbit quality assessment, and original and future semimajor axis for Oort spike comets with non-gravitational orbit determinable (comets with NG effects strongly manifested in positional data fitting)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDesigComet's designationmeta.id;meta.maincharCnameComet's designationmeta.idcharqosc? osculating perihelion distanceaupos.distance;src.orbital.periastronfloatnullablen3The internal model name used in the databasemeta.codecharTime? Perihelion time [TT]src.orbital.periastronnullablez[1/4]? key for a qualitative description of impact of NG effects on positional data fitting (2)meta.codeintnullablearc1Date of first observation taken for orbit determination [TT]time.epocharc2Date of last observation taken for orbit determination [TT]time.epochNobs? Number of used (1)meta.numberintnullablearcy? Interval of data taken for orbit determination (arc in years)yrtime.intervalfloatnullabledh1? Heliocentric distance of first observation taken to orbit determinationaupos.distance;obs.param;obsfloatnullabledh2? Heliocentric distance of last observation taken to orbit determinationaupos.distance;obs.param;obsfloatnullabledatatData type in the sense of time-distribution around perihelion: PRE/PRE+/FULL/POST/POST+ /POST++/PRE++meta.codecharModelModel type: GR = gravitational, NG = non-gravitationalmeta.notecharQ*GR? Accuracy of gravitational orbitstat.errorfloatnullableQ*NG? Accuracy of non-gravitational orbit when determinablestat.errorfloatnullableQlnewQuality orbit assessment according to Krolikowska and Dybczynski, 2013MNRAS.435..440Kmeta.code.qualcharRMS? Root-mean-square errorarcsecstat.stdev;instr.det.noisefloatnullableNres? Number of residuals taken for orbit determination for a given modelmeta.numberintnullableRefReferences to the solution (3)meta.ref;stat.fitchararcSType of data arc selection for orbit determination (4)meta.notechardataW[YES/NO+ ] Flag data weigthing, YES/NOmeta.codecharorbPFlag of prefered orbit; usually YES+/NO (for arc_s.eq.'STD') (5)meta.codecharngTypeType of NG solution (for NG only) (6)meta.codechar1/aori? Inverse original semimajor axis1e-08au**-1phys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitaldoublenullablee_1/aori? Uncertainty of inverse original semimajoraxis1e-08au**-1stat.errorfloatnullable1/afut? Inverse future semimajor axis1e-08au**-1phys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitaldoublenullablee_1/afut? Uncertainty of inverse future semimajor axis1e-08au**-1stat.errordoublenullableNotesAdditional Notesmeta.notecharJ/A+A/633/A80/tablea4Description of observational material, orbit quality assessment, and original and future semimajor axis for Oort spike comets with non-gravitational orbit determinable (comets with determinable NG orbit - more or less typical cases)NotesAdditional Notesmeta.notecharrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDesigComet's designationmeta.id;meta.maincharCnameComet's designationmeta.idcharqosc? osculating perihelion distanceaupos.distance;src.orbital.periastronfloatnullablen3The internal model name used in the databasemeta.codecharTime? Perihelion time [TT]src.orbital.periastronnullablez[1/4]? key for a qualitative description of impact of NG effects on positional data fitting (2)meta.codeintnullablearc1Date of first observation taken for orbit determination [TT]time.epocharc2Date of last observation taken for orbit determination [TT]time.epochNobs? Number of used (1)meta.numberintnullablearcy? Interval of data taken for orbit determination (arc in years)yrtime.intervalfloatnullabledh1? Heliocentric distance of first observation taken to orbit determinationaupos.distance;obs.param;obsfloatnullabledh2? Heliocentric distance of last observation taken to orbit determinationaupos.distance;obs.param;obsfloatnullabledatatData type in the sense of time-distribution around perihelion: PRE/PRE+/FULL/POST/POST+ /POST++/PRE++meta.codecharModelModel type: GR = gravitational, NG = non-gravitationalmeta.notecharQ*GR? Accuracy of gravitational orbitstat.errorfloatnullableQ*NG? Accuracy of non-gravitational orbit when determinablestat.errorfloatnullableQlnewQuality orbit assessment according to Krolikowska and Dybczynski, 2013MNRAS.435..440Kmeta.code.qualcharRMS? Root-mean-square errorarcsecstat.stdev;instr.det.noisefloatnullableNres? Number of residuals taken for orbit determination for a given modelmeta.numberintnullableRefReferences to the solution (3)meta.ref;stat.fitchararcSType of data arc selection for orbit determination (4)meta.notechardataW[YES/NO+ ] Flag data weigthing, YES/NOmeta.codecharorbPFlag of prefered orbit; usually YES+/NO (for arc_s.eq.'STD') (5)meta.codecharngTypeType of NG solution (for NG only) (6)meta.codechar1/aori? Inverse original semimajor axis1e-08au**-1phys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitaldoublenullablee_1/aori? Uncertainty of inverse original semimajoraxis1e-08au**-1stat.errorfloatnullable1/afut? Inverse future semimajor axis1e-08au**-1phys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitaldoublenullablee_1/afut? Uncertainty of inverse future semimajor axis1e-08au**-1stat.errordoublenullableJ/A+A/633/A80/tablea1Description of observational material, orbit quality assessment, and original and future semimajor axis for Oort spike comets with purely gravitational orbit determinable (non-gravitational orbit is indeterminable)recnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintDesigComet's designationmeta.id;meta.maincharCnameComet's designationmeta.idcharqosc? osculating perihelion distanceaupos.distance;src.orbital.periastronfloatnullablen3The internal model name used in the databasemeta.codecharTime? Perihelion time [TT]src.orbital.periastronnullablez[1/4]? key for a qualitative description of impact of NG effects on positional data fitting (2)meta.codeintnullablearc1Date of first observation taken for orbit determination [TT]time.epocharc2Date of last observation taken for orbit determination [TT]time.epochNobs? Number of used (1)meta.numberintnullablearcy? Interval of data taken for orbit determination (arc in years)yrtime.intervalfloatnullabledh1? Heliocentric distance of first observation taken to orbit determinationaupos.distance;obs.param;obsfloatnullabledh2? Heliocentric distance of last observation taken to orbit determinationaupos.distance;obs.param;obsfloatnullabledatatData type in the sense of time-distribution around perihelion: PRE/PRE+/FULL/POST/POST+ /POST++/PRE++meta.codecharModelModel type: GR = gravitational, NG = non-gravitationalmeta.notecharQ*GR? Accuracy of gravitational orbitstat.errorfloatnullableQ*NG? Accuracy of non-gravitational orbit when determinablestat.errorfloatnullableQlnewQuality orbit assessment according to Krolikowska and Dybczynski, 2013MNRAS.435..440Kmeta.code.qualcharRMS? Root-mean-square errorarcsecstat.stdev;instr.det.noisefloatnullableNres? Number of residuals taken for orbit determination for a given modelmeta.numberintnullableRefReferences to the solution (3)meta.ref;stat.fitchararcSType of data arc selection for orbit determination (4)meta.notechardataW[YES/NO+ ] Flag data weigthing, YES/NOmeta.codecharorbPFlag of prefered orbit; usually YES+/NO (for arc_s.eq.'STD') (5)meta.codecharngTypeType of NG solution (for NG only) (6)meta.codechar1/aori? Inverse original semimajor axis1e-08au**-1phys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitaldoublenullablee_1/aori? Uncertainty of inverse original semimajoraxis1e-08au**-1stat.errorfloatnullable1/afut? Inverse future semimajor axis1e-08au**-1phys.angSize.smajAxis;src.orbitaldoublenullablee_1/afut? Uncertainty of inverse future semimajor axis1e-08au**-1stat.errordoublenullableNotesAdditional Notesmeta.notechar