J/A+A/631/A72ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/631/A72doi:10.26093/cds/vizier.36310072CDSLin Y.Csengeri T.Wyrowski F.Urquhart J.S.Schuller F.Weiss A.,Menten K.M.2022-09-02T08:29:02Z2019-10-25T08:28:49ZCDS support team

CDS, Observatoire de Strasbourg, 11 rue de l'Universite, F-67000 Strasbourg, France

cds-question@unistra.frmilky-way-galaxymillimeter-astronomysubmillimeter-astronomymolecular-cloudsThe structure formation of the dense interstellar material and the fragmentation of clumps into cores is a fundamental step to understand how stars and stellar clusters form. We aim to establish a statistical view of clump fragmentation at sub-parsec scales based on a large sample of massive clumps selected from the ATLASGAL survey. We used the APEX/SABOCA camera at 350um to image clumps at a resolution of 8.5", corresponding to physical scales of <0.2pc at a distance <5kpc. The majority of the sample consists of massive clumps that are weak or in absorption at 24um. We resolve spherical and filamentary structures and identify the population of compact sources. Complemented with archival Herschel data, we derive the physical properties, such as dust temperature, mass and bolometric luminosity of clumps and cores. We use association with mid-infrared 22-24 m and 70 m point sources to pin down the star formation activity of the cores. We then statistically assess their physical properties, and the fragmentation characteristics of massive clumps. We detect emission at 350um towards all targets and find that it typically exhibits a filamentary(-like) morphology and hosts a population of compact sources. Using Gaussclumps we identify 1120 compact sources and derive the physical parameters and star formation activity for 971 of these, 874 of which are associated with 444 clumps. We find a moderate correlation between the clump fragmentation levels with the clump gas density and the predicted number of fragments with pure Jeans fragmentation scenario. We find a strong correlation between the mass of the most massive fragment and the total clump mass, suggesting that the self-gravity may play an important role in the clumps' small scale structure formation. Finally, due to the improved angular resolution compared to ATLASGAL, we are able to identify 27 massive quiescent cores with M_core_>100M_{sun}_ within 5kpc; these are massive enough to be self-gravitating but do not yet show any sign of star-formation. This sample comprises, therefore, promising candidates of massive pre-stellar cores, or deeply embedded high-mass protostars. The submillimeter observations of the massive clumps that are weak or completely dark at 24um reveal rich filamentary structures and an embedded population of compact cores. The maximum core mass is likely determined by the self-gravity of the clump. The rarity of massive pre-stellar core candidates implies short collapse time-scales for dense structures.2019A&A...631A..72Lhttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/cat/J/A+A/631/A72CatalogResearchIsServedByTAP VizieR generic serviceIsServedByConesearch servicerelated-toJ/A+A/565/A75 : ATLASGAL. Dust condensations in Galactic planeJ/MNRAS/443/1555 : ATLASGAL massive star forming clumps sampleJ/MNRAS/473/1059 : Complete sample of Galactic clump propertieshttps://cds.unistra.fr/vizier-org/licences_vizier.htmlhttps://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/631/A72https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/631/A72http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/VizieR-2?-source=J/A+A/631/A72https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/631/A72https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/631/A72http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/votable?-source=J/A+A/631/A72GETtext/xml+votablehttps://tapvizier.cds.unistra.fr/TAPVizieR/tapCone search capability for table J/A+A/631/A72/table1 (List of SABOCA compact sources)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/table1?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/table1?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/table1?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true271.6499-21.60460.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/631/A72/table2 (List of ATLASGAL clumps SED results)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/table2?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/table2?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/table2?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true188.648804-61.9125370.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/631/A72/table3 (List of SABOCA compact sources SED results)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/table3?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/table3?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/table3?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true188.8902049-63.04480370.005555555555555556Cone search capability for table J/A+A/631/A72/list (List of fits images)https://vizier.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/list?https://vizier.iucaa.in/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/list?http://vizieridia.saao.ac.za/viz-bin/conesearch/J/A+A/631/A72/list?GETtext/xml+votable180.050000true188.6475-61.910920.005555555555555556Associated datahttps://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/assocdata/?obs_collection=J/A+A/631/A725/10556 10594 10614 6/28803 28831 28874 28897 28912 28917-28919 29091 29094 29097 29101 29118-29119 29460-29461 29505 29507 29509-29510 29529 29533 30218 30256 30259 30262 30268-30269 30312 30318-30319 30420-30421 30595 30618 30623 30644-30645 30688 30694 41653 41655 41657-41658 41660 41676-41677 41681 41759 41767 41776 41778 41802 41804-41805 41811-41814 41817 41820 42159 42169-42173 42207 42210-42212 42214-42216 42228 42230 42382 42387 42390-42393 42396-42397 42434-42436 42438 42441 42444-42445 42451 42455 42460-42461 42496 42498 42512 43013 430212.283270615984385e-22 2.283270615984385e-22https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/viz-bin/moc/J/A+A/631/A72?format=asciiMillimeterdefaultJ/A+A/631/A72/table1List of SABOCA compact sourcesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName of the source (AGLLL.llll+B.bbbb)meta.id;meta.maincharRAJ2000Right ascension (J2000.0)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination (J2000.0)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainFpeakSABOCA 350um peak flux densityJy/beamphot.flux.density;em.mm.750-1500GHzdoubleFWHMmajMajor axis (FWHM size)arcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatFWHMminMinor axis (FWHM size)arcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatPA[] Position angledegpos.posAngfloatMapNameSABOCA map name (fits file in list.dat, MapName*.fits)meta.id.parentcharSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlcharFlag[cf] Filament flag (1)meta.code.errorcharJ/A+A/631/A72/table2List of ATLASGAL clumps SED resultsSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintClumpName of the source (GLLL.llll+B.bbbb)meta.id.parentcharDistDistancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatFWHMmajMajor axis (FWHM size)arcsecphys.angSize.smajAxisfloatFWHMminMinor axis (FWHM size)arcsecphys.angSize.sminAxisfloatSintATLASGAL 870um integrated flux densityJyphot.flux.density;em.mm.200-400GHzfloatMassMass (1sigma)solMassphys.massintLumLuminosity (1sigma)solLumphys.luminositydoubleN(H2)Hydrogen column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoubleTdDust temperatureKphys.temperaturefloat_GlonPosition from AGAL name (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPosition from AGAL name (latitude part)degpos.galactic.latJ/A+A/631/A72/table3List of SABOCA compact sources SED resultsSimbadSimbad column added by the CDSmeta.ref.urlchar_GlonPosition from SABOCA name (longitude part)degpos.galactic.lon_GlatPosition from SABOCA name (latitude part)degpos.galactic.lat_RA.icrsRight ascension (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.ranullableindexed_DE.icrsDeclination (ICRS) (computed by VizieR, not part of the original data. The format may include more digits than the original data because of internal accuracy requirements in VizieR and across other CDS services)degpos.eq.decnullableindexedrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintNameName of the source (GSLLL.llll+B.bbbb)meta.id;meta.maincharDistDistancekpcpos.distance;pos.heliocentricfloatMassMass (1sigma)solMassphys.massfloatTdDust temperatureKphys.temperaturefloatN(H2)Hydrogen column densitycm**-2phys.columnDensitydoubleLumLuminosity (1sigma)solLumphys.luminositydoubleMIRassocMid-infrared/HII compact source association (1)meta.notecharClumpATLASGAL parental clumpmeta.id.parentcharJ/A+A/631/A72/listList of fits imagesrecnoRecord number assigned by the VizieR team. Should Not be used for identification.meta.recordintRAJ2000Right Ascension of center (J2000)degpos.eq.ra;meta.mainDEJ2000Declination of center (J2000)degpos.eq.dec;meta.mainNxNumber of pixels along X-axismeta.numberintNyNumber of pixels along Y-axismeta.numberintsizeSize of FITS fileKibytephys.size;meta.fitsintFileNameName of FITS file, in subdirectory fitsmeta.id;meta.fitscharTitleTitle of the FITS filemeta.title;meta.fitscharNameName of the source (AGLLL.ll+B.bb)meta.id;meta.maincharAssocDataAssociated Data web pagemeta.ref.urlchar